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II 


The Stilwell=Bierce 
& Smith=Vaile Co. 

FACTORIES : _ 

■O 

DAYTON, OHIO, U.S.A., 

MANUFACTURERS OF 

“T HE Smith-Vaile” 


linseed 4 Cottonseed Oil Machinery, 


STEAM 

..and.. 


POWER 


Pumping Machinery, 


FILTER PRESSES, 
“Stilwell Feed Water Heaters, 

The “Victor” Turbine. 



II 


iSf 

■Hi 

f jJ 

• _ 

































































































Ill 



DAYTON, OHIO. 


MANUFACTURERS OF 

Cottonseed and Linseed Oil Machinery, 

ENGINE BUILDERS, 

STEAM AND WATER FITTERS, 

Brass Goods for all Purposes. 

Write for Catalogue. 


Set of 60 Ton Cookers for Cottonseed OH Mills. 


IRON AND BRASS WORKS 





AND 


ALLIED PRODUCTS, 

INCLUDING 

Cake, Meal, Foots, Soap=Stock, &c. 

The Application and Uses of Machinery. 
Complete List of Mills, Refineries 
in the United States and Abroad. 



COPYRIGHTED 


PUBLISHED BY 



The National Provisioner Publishing Co. 

R 

ROBERT GANZ & CO., Proprietors. 


NEW YORK, CHICAGO, KANSAS CITY, PHILADELPHIA, 
BOSTON, ST. LOUIS, CINCINNATI, and LONDON, Eng. 

Main Offices, - - 284.-286 Pearl St., New York. 
Western Office, - - i-f Rialto Building, Chicago. 


PRICE ($3) THREE DOLLARS. 







Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1897, by 

THE NATIONAL PROVISIONER PUBLISHING CO. 
of New York and Chicago 

ROBERT GANZ & COMPANY PROPRIETORS 

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington 








PREFACE. 


We take especial pleasure in presenting' the following work to the 
trades coming within the scope of the cotton oil industry. The first 
place may be justly accorded oil milling proper, to which important sub¬ 
ject we have given extended consideration. 

It is needless to say that the business, as conducted to-day in numerous 
instances, viewed from a manufacturing standpoint solely, is not in that 
state of perfection in which it should be, partly due to mismanagement 
with its unfailing accompaniments, and partly due to lack of knowledge of 
the latest methods of manufacture. Of course this statement does not 
cover the entire seed crushing business. In New Orleans, La., Houston 
or Waco, Tex., and other important centers, splendidly equipped mills are 
in regular operation, the system guiding the latter being of a high order. 
Nevertheless, we have reasons to know, there is room for improvement in 
the best. For these, as well as to the most unpretentious of plants, a care¬ 
ful perusal of these leaves, aud adherence to the principles propounded, 
will be found invaluable. 

Considerable of the matter has been previously produced in the col¬ 
umns of The National Provisioner, but it has been thoroughly revised 
and reconstructed, a very considerable amount of new material being added 
and old eliminated, bringing the work right up to date, and making it, 
therefore, more interesting and valuable to the oil miller, refiner, lard 
compounder and soap maker. 

It should be considered that English technical literature in the especial 
line which we treat of is deficient, inasmuch that no previous work has 
been issued which exclusively considers the important points exhaustively 
covered in our present publication. In works on oils, fats and allied indus¬ 
tries, an insignificant space is usually allotted to the subject of cottonseed 
oil milling, while theoretical rather than practical views are predominant. 

We have endeavored to give a clear, concise and comprehensive outline 
of the business as it is conducted, describing the improvements which we 
consider would prove beneficial, and herewith submit the book to the trade 
and to those interested in the industrial lines referred to, especially, feeling 
assuied of their appreciation of our work as we are of its general merits 
and usefulness. 

We beg to thank our numerous friends for the large number of orders 
and encouraging letters received prior to publication, and we hope to 
merit the continuance and good-will thereby expressed. 

ROBERT GANZ & COMPANY, 
Publishers of The National Provisioner. 

The Organ of the Provision and Meat Industries of the United States. 

New York, Chicago, 

284-286 Pearl Street, 11 Rialto Building, 

Adjoining Board of Trade. 


1 


IV 


Wm. R. Perrin & Co., Chicago, 

MANUFACTURERS OF 




SEND FOR OUR CATALOGUES. 

We build all kinds of Presses at bottom prices. 


The SPERRY FILTER PRESS. 



The Patent Plate saves cloths, produces a dryer cake, and is altogether 
better than the old form. write for information. 

Manufacturers of Vacuum Pans, Steam Jacket Kettles, Caldrons, Etc., 

BATAVIA, ILL. 






























































THE MANUFACTURE OF COTTONSEED OIL 

AND 

ALLIED PRODUCTS. 


TABLE OF CONTENTS. page 

Cottonseed Oil Manufacture. 1-39 

a The fundamental principles of oil milling - , 
h A systematic analysis of cake indispensable. 


c Extremes of temperatures in cooking the meals equally wasteful. 
d Short time pressing baneful in its results. 
e The steam pressure gauge an important factor. 

/ The recording thermometer used to indicate past conditions 
present in heater. 

g Pressure and its correct application in the obtainment of 
extractable oil. 

The recording hydraulic pressure gauge. 
i Modern heaters, their construction and operation. 
j The difficulty experienced in treating meals, 
fc Hints to practical oil millers with regard to pressroom appli¬ 


ances and methods. 

I Refining and filter press classification. 
ni Evils attending the use of the hair mat. 
n Hard cake and measures for its prevention. 

Latest Methods for Refining of Cottonseed Oil.41-43 

Cottonseed Oil for soap making. 

Cake Analysis.45-50 

Testing process, apparatus required, cost of same. 

Important Addenda.51-57 

Filter Presses and Other Machinery.59-64 

Rules Regulating Transactions in Cottonseed Oil among 

Members of the New York Produce Exchange.66-71 

Butterine and Margarine Manufacturers in Europe.73-75 

Cotton Oil Mills in the United States.78-88 

ADVERTISEMENTS. 

Buckeye Iron & Brass Works, Dayton, O. Ill 

Cookers’ and cotton oil mill machinery. 

Cardwell Machine Co., Richmond, Ya. VI 

Presses and cottonseed oil mill machinery. 

H. W. Caldwell & Son Co., Chicago. V 

Conveying, elevating and transmitting machinery. 

H. Wm. Dopp & Son, Buffalo. V 

Kettles, drj’ers, presses and machinery. 

Thomas Goulard & Co., New York and Chicago. VI 

Inspectors and weighers. 

Hopkins, Dwight & Co., New York.XIV 

Cotton, cotton oil and Southern produce. 

Macy’sSons, Josiah, New York. I 

Receivers of cottonseed oil. 

Niles Tool Works . VII 

Filter Presses. 

The “ National Provisioner.”.VIII 

The organ of the provision and meat industries. 

The “ National Provisioner” Analytical Laboratory.XII, XIII 

Bureau of information. 

Pork Packers’ Directory and Handbook.IV, X, XI 

Paints, Oils, Varnishes and Printing Tnks. IX 

A complete treatise on these subjects. 

Wm. R. Perrin & Co., Chicago. IV 

Filter presses. 

D. R. Sperry & Co., Batavia, Ills. IV 

Filter |)i‘ 0 ss 0 s» 

Stilwell-Bierce & Smith-Vaile Co., Dayton, O. II 

Filter presses and cottonseed oil machinery. 

Taber Pump Woi*ks, Buffalo. VII 

Rotary pumps. 



























THE LEADING HOUSE. 


H. WM. DOPP & SON, 



462 Ellicott Street, 
BUFFALO,-NEW YORK, 

Manufacturers of 

SOAP JHHKEft— 
BUTCHERS’ 



Steam Jacketed 
Vacuum Pans. 



Remeltlhg- Crotclier. 






Toilet Soap 
N ettle. 


Seamless 

Steam=Jacketed 

Cast=Iron Kettles 

For rendering and refining 
Lard, Tallow, Oils, etc. 


CATALOGUE ON 
APPLICATION. 



Lard Dryer, 
Mixer 
and Cooler. 



Conveying, Elevating and ’ 
Power=Transmitting Machinery 

H. W. CALDWELL & SON CO. 

GENERAL MACHINISTS, 

127,129,131, 133 W. Washington St. 
CHICAGO. 


CALDWELL STEEL CONVEYOR. 

Manufactured exclusively by us at Chicago, 
with latest improvements. 

LINK 

BELTING, . p A A T & 
SPROCKET i\. / \ ^ /\ 1— /* 
WHEELS, _ X 

COTTON IFCW O 

BELTING, ^ ^ “ 

RUBBER BELTING, 

LEATHER BELTING, 

BELT CLAMPS, ELEVATOR BOLTS 
ELEVATOR BUCKETS 
FRICTION CLUTCHES, 

JAW CLUTCHES 


COUPLINGS, 

T I CL GEARING 

i £ j :\ *—' /Ji\ O j§j 'all kinds). 

elevator 

WOW R W~ boots. 

HANGERS, 

PILLOW BLOCKS, IRON PULLEYS, 
WOOD PULLEYS, 

SHAFTING. 

SET COLLARS, 
TAKE-UP 
BOXES. 


SPECIALTIES FOR COTTON SEED OIL MILLS. 

SAND SCREENS, BOLL SCREENS, 

MEAT SCREENS, 

MEAL BOLTING REELS, 

DUPLEX HYDRAULIC VALVES, 
AUTOMATIC FEEDERS, 

HULL BEATING SEPARATORS, 
HYDRAULIC FITTINGS, 
SEPARATORS for catching stones, bolts, eto, 
PERFORATED METALS, 

WIRE CLOTH, COGSWELL MILLS 


CALDWEU CORRUGATED SEAMLESS 
STEEL ELEVATOR BUCKETS. 



















































COTTON-SEEB OIL MANUFACTURE.* 


THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF OIL MILLING.—A SYS¬ 
TEMATIC ANALYSIS OF CAKE INDISPENSABLE. 

To the modern oil miller a thorough knowledge of the 
technical detail of the various manufacturing processes be¬ 
comes an essential condition of success. Furthermore, the 
knowledge must be acquired in a practical manner, if salu¬ 
tary and permanent results are to be obtained. Ten or 
twelve years ago, in cotton-growing districts, where an 
abundantly reproductive soil furnished lavish supplies of 
seed at low prices, the prospect of reaping a golden harvest 
by transforming the crude material into the manufactured 
products of oil and cake was of the most alluring character. 
It was recognized that the oil commanded a high figure, 
while the cake could be readily disposed of on a perma¬ 
nently active market—conditions which are remarkable by 
reason of their absence in current times. The facilities 
with which supplies could be obtained, and the knowledge 
that the manufactured products gave more than a reasonable 
guarantee of early and profitable returns, materially enhanced 
the value of the business, and attracted the attention of many 
to whom its peculiar characteristics were utterly unknown. 

Mills sprung up as if by magic, and the whirr of machin¬ 
ery was heard for the first time in many of the distant cot¬ 
ton-growing districts. The opinion was wide-spread that he 
who used the most seed, and therefore made the most oil 
and cake, made the most money. Unfortunately, this fal¬ 
lacious impression obtains in very many quarters to-day. 
The seed was rushed through each of the manufacturing 

* (Copyrighted.) 



2 


COTTON-SEED OIL MANUFACTURE. 


processes—linting, hulling, rolling, cooking, and pressing 
•—regardless of the fact that no more wasteful method 
could be possibly pursued. The system is prodigal in the 
highest degree. 

This was unavoidable, owing to the peculiar conditions 
which controlled the situation. In extensively cultivated 
cotton districts, such as are to be found in the South, in 
which a new industry of wide proportions and illimitable pos¬ 
sibilities suddenly started into life, the logical consequence 
was that many who saw the trend of the times, and were 
possessed of sufficient financial stability, determined to im¬ 
prove the opportunity by embarking into (to them) an un¬ 
known and difficult manufacturing industry. But the in¬ 
centive was too salient to withstand—that of metamorphos¬ 
ing the hitherto considered worthless crude material into 
the valuable manufactured products of oil and cake—and if 
any scruples were entertained as to their incapacity con¬ 
cerning the management of the business thus opened out to 
them, they were speedily overcome, and the work of mill 
construction and subsequent manufacturing went on apace. 

The knowledge of the requisite machinery, methods of 
operation,-or the fundamental principles which govern the 
manufacturing processes, was limited to comparatively few. 
Mills were erected and put into operation frequently under 
the immediate supervision of incompetent men, without 
the mature deliberation which such an important undertak¬ 
ing deserved. The men referred to claimed the significant 
appellation of experts, and were said to be identified with 
linseed-oil interests in the Northern States, but their 
claims were far from being sustained by subsequent results. 
Not a few plants were put together lacking the indispensa¬ 
ble requirements which are concomitants of efficient work, 
while a thoroughly equipped mill, where such was in opera¬ 
tion, was conducted on principles foreign to regularity, and 
therefore detrimental to permanent success. 







COTTON-SEED OIL MANUFACTURE. 


3 


The ruling prices of the crude and manufactured prod¬ 
ucts were auspicious—that is, seed was obtainable at a very 
low figure, while oil commanded a very much higher price 
than has since obtained, and more than double the current 
figures. These were circumstances which enabled the 
crusher to meet current obligations, notwithstanding the 
presence of wasteful processes, and coincidently leaving 
sufficient margin of profit to excite the interest of others 
who were contemplating similar action by launching into 
the spreading industry. 

Under these peculiar circumstances the crusher could af¬ 
ford to disregard many of the forms in the respective proc¬ 
esses, of which he was doubtless ignorant, and of which a 
strict adherence thereto becomes one of the indispensable 
features of modern oil milling. This is owing to a com¬ 
plete reversion of former conditions, high prices for seed 
and low prices for oil and cake, the situation being intensi¬ 
fied by the existence of keen competition. 

The latter conditions now obtaining, the prudent manu¬ 
facturer is constrained to estimate his prospective profits on 
the basis of systematic and economical methods, unremit¬ 
tingly maintained from the moment the seed is caught up 
to be denuded of the adhering cotton, until it leaves the 
hydraulic press in the form of oil and cake. 

It is an incontrovertible fact, as determined bv the writer 
on numerous occasions by analysis of cake, that the great 
majority of mills, even those coilstructed under the most 
approved plans, permit a very much larger proportion of 
oil to be left in the cake, by reason of defective work, than 
is consistent with efficient management. It is therefore 
palpable that a mill may be equipped in first-class fashion, 
possessing all that is essential in the production of satisfac¬ 
tory results, and yet Avasteful methods characterize its 
operation. For instance, it is impossible to procure good 
results unless a regular feed be maintained on the rolls. 




4 


cotton-seed oil manufacture. 


and adequate time taken for heating and agitating the con¬ 
tents of the kettle, while the final process—that of the oil 
expression by hydraulic pressure—should be maintained un¬ 
relaxed for at least thirty minutes. By rushing the feed 
through the rolls, to make time, the seed is imperfectly 
ground, which, together with curtailment of the normal 
cooking period in the heater and of the requisite time for 
the perfect extraction of the oil in the hydraulic press, 
produces a high percentage of oil in the cake as the inevi¬ 
table result. However efficiently the succeeding processes 
may be maintained, the normal proportion of extractable 
oil cannot be procured if the rolling process be irregularly 
conducted. A slow and uniform feed, ground by a set of 
perfectly true rolls, is, after the linting and hulling proc¬ 
esses, the first important step in economical work. 

In addition to the regular cake analyses which should be 
maintained, the use of scientific apparatus of an inexpensive 
nature, and requiring but little attention, will enable the 
manager or superintendent to keep in touch with every 
part of the mill, of whatever capacity, and to regulate the 
respective processes with unerring precision. The system 
which the writer purposes placing before the seed crushers 
and refiners of cotton-seed oil has never been previously sug¬ 
gested in connection with that industry. Its introduction 
will prove of incalculable service from a practical and econ¬ 
omical standpoint, and it will be described in detail in suc¬ 
ceeding pages. 

EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURE IN COOKING THE MEALS 
EQUALLY WASTEFUL.—SHORT TIME PRESSING BANEFUL 
IN ITS RESULTS.—THE STEAM PRESSURE-GAUGE AN IM¬ 
PORTANT FACTOR IN THE ATTAINMENT OF EFFICIENT 
WORK. 

As pointed out in the first article of this series, the pres¬ 
ence of a defect in any of the processes deleteriously alfects 







t-OTTON-SEED oil manufacture. 


5 


the succeeding one and the final oil yield. However effi¬ 
ciently the seed may be ground on leaving the rolls, if the 
treatment the crushed material is subjected to in the heater 
be either in excess of or lacking the normal temperature, the 
results will be of a decidedly unsatisfactory nature and pro¬ 
portionately destructive. 

In the case of a reduced temperature, from whatever 
cause—omission being the primary one—the subsequent 
operation produced by the hydraulic press, however pro¬ 
longed and maintained with unrelaxed pressure, will fail to 
extract that proportion of oil which should be obtained 
under normal conditions. 

If, on the other hand, it be found that an excessive tem¬ 
perature has been maintained in the crushed material in the 
heater—while all the extractable oil may have been ob¬ 
tained—unfortunately, a circumstance of rare occurrence in 
conjunction with efficient methods in a Southern cotton-oil 
mill—investigation will reveal the fact that it is at the ex¬ 
pense of destroyed bagging and hair matting, where such is 
in use, and discoloration of the oil. The increased tem¬ 
perature and the maximum pressure acting simultaneously 
on the woven material, stretch and rend it long before the 
expiration of its regular period of utility has been reached. 
The writer has seen new press bagging of the camel-hair 
variety destroyed in a few hours by this pernicious neglect, 
while the weaker fabric, of which a great quantity is in use, 
under similar conditions is fractured at the first charge. 

When the aggregate loss entailed by the destruction of 
the expensive press bagging and incidental sequences of an 
equally baneful character, are considered on the one hand, 
and the loss of from one to seven gallons of unextracted oil 
per ton on the other, the adverse financial situation in which 
the majority of the cotton-seed crushers have been placed 
may be readily understood. 

Again, let us suppose that we have gone through the 




6 


COTTON-SEED OIL MANUFACTURE. 


respective processes in the most efficient manner, until the 
action of the hydraulic ram is called into requisition in the 
prosecution and completion of the work. Should the irreg¬ 
ular action of the pressure caused by leaks or the reduction 
of power at steam boilers superinduce a relaxation, the 
practical work which characterized the preceding processes 
will have been rendered abortive to a very material extent. 

Furthermore, the abridgment of the period essential to 
the thorough extraction of the oil at the maximum pressure, 
to permit of more frequent charges, presents similar condi¬ 
tions. It is a notorious fact that the latter reprehensible 
system is wide-spread, and that the policy of rushing 
through the respective manufacturing processes, the 
greatest possible quantity of material, to the utter disregard 
of practical and economical principles, has too many ad¬ 
herents. 

Clearly, the defective principles here demonstrated indi¬ 
cate the urgency of speedy reformation. A reversion of 
existing conditions is easily within the reach of every manu¬ 
facturer. By supinely tolerating their continuance the 
evils which have encompassed him in the past are more 
than likely to be reproduced in the future. A mill in one 
district may be prosperous owing to efficient management, 
while that of another may he in adverse circumstances from 
its inability to successfully compete at current prices with 
modern innovations and more practical and, therefore, 
economical methods. 

The first step in the amelioration of these conditions con¬ 
sists in commencing at the fountain-head—the boilers, 
which are the seat of power, and upon the regularity of 
which, with regard to the heating and pressing operations, 
respectively, much depends. Fluctuations of steam press¬ 
ure in oil mills are probably more pernicious in their re¬ 
sults than in that of any other industry. To obviate this 
difficulty, to detect immediately and record such occur- 




COTTON-SEED OIL MANUFACTURE. 


i 

rences at whatever time effected, the initial step to econom¬ 
ical work consists in connecting a recording pressure-gauge 
with the boilers. Apart from the very essential manufactur¬ 
ing principle involved, safety and economy are best subserved 
in the management of the boilers by the use of this silent 
and incorruptible witness. Its presence serves to stimulate 
the flagging zeal of the indifferent fireman to renewed 
efforts in the attainment of uniform pressure not only on 
the boilers, but on the direct-acting steam hydraulic pumps, 
where such are in use, on the jacketed heater and through¬ 
out the entire steam connection. The watchful attendant 
on whom devolves the duty of regulating the steam in heater 
jackets and that proportion which is blown directly into the 
crushed and agitated material in the interior, is thus en¬ 
abled to alter the conditions according to the nature of the 
meal with a degree of certainty impracticable under irregu¬ 
lar or reduced temperature. For illustration, let us suppose 
that for some reason the steam pressure in boilers is relaxed, 
so that it is difficult, if not impossible, to temper and cor¬ 
rectly treat the material suitably, yet not reduced sufficiently 
to bring the engine to a standstill, the natural sequence is 
that, owing to inadequate manipulation, the hydraulic press¬ 
ure in the succeeding operation fails to extract the nor¬ 
mal proportion of oil, and the crusher is just so much the 
loser. The recording gauge automatically registers the oc¬ 
currence on a uniformly moving chart, thus obviating any 
efforts at concealment on the part of those responsible for 
such casualties. The salutary effect of the knowledge that 
an investigation will surely follow such a delinquency, acts 
as a powerful deterrent. 

THE RECORDING THERMOMETER USED TO INDICATE PAST 
CONDITIONS PRESENT IN HEATER. 

The next proceeding in the attainment and continuance 
of uniformly practical work consists in the introduction of 




8 


COTTON-SEED OIL MANUFACTURE. 


the same principle in connection with the heater, with this 
difference—that the temperature is gauged and recorded 
instead of the pressure. The steam pressure recording 
gauge has long been utilized, and with uniformly good 
results, in connection with steam boilers, but the recording 
thermometer has never been used as a means of estab¬ 
lishing the past conditions present in the heater. Its 
feasibility and the success which has attended this device in 
other industries, impressed the writer with the conviction 
that it can be used to very great advantage in the manu¬ 
facture of cotton-seed oil and cake. It will respond to a 
long-felt want in a most convincing manner, by solving one 
of the most difficult problems in oil milling—that is, the 
attainment of absolute uniformity of temperature through¬ 
out the treated material. The recording thermometer, 
which may be adjusted to the side of the heater, would be 
connected by a small, flexible copper tube, with a small coil 
suspended in the interior of the heater, in such a position 
that the arms of the sweeps, or agitators, will clear it, and 
yet be situated where the treated material is most affected 
by the live steam which is blown in direct from the boilers. 
The coil must be protected in a suitable manner. The 
interior of the recording part of the apparatus consists sim¬ 
ply of the helical form of recording pressure-gauge, while 
the coil suspended in the heater would be partially filled 
with alcohol, which latter produces variations of pressure 
according to the ruling temperature, the latter being exactly 
recorded on the accompanying chart, which makes one com¬ 
plete revolution every twenty-four hours. 

This chart may be looked upon as the unerring medium 
for recording the incontrovertible history of the conditions 
which are obtained during that period. These can be re¬ 
moved daily and placed in an album which is specially pro¬ 
vided for the purpose. 

The value of this faithful conservator as an untiring re- 





COTTON-SEED OIL MANUFACTURE. 


9 


minder of current delinquencies to those responsible is thus 
readily understood. Its presence will hold the attendant 
strictly to the duties which he is expected to perform, and 
upon which so much depends in the successful termination 
of the processes. The changing conditions which distin¬ 
guish the ground material in the heater exact unremitting 
attention in grading the temperature to the appropriate 
degree. This device has been successfully introduced in 
other manufacturing industries where uniformity of tem¬ 
perature is a desirable feature, but to none is it of more con¬ 
sequence than to the seed crusher. 

A steam pressure may be maintained uniformly in the 
boilers, and yet be very insufficiently applied to the meal in 
the heater, or the re verse (and perhaps equally reprehensible) 
condition may prevail in the form of excessive temperature, 
owing to irregular and infrequent manipulation of the steam 
valves. As in the case of the fireman, the heater attendant 
is perforce compelled to closely watch the constantly vary¬ 
ing temperature of the ground material and apply or reduce 
the amount of steam, either in the heater jacket or for that 
which is blown directly into the meal, in conformity with 
the ruling conditions. Failure to maintain uniform tem¬ 
perature, whether on the day or night watch, means sure 
exposure, as indicated by the chart, and the sequel to this, 
which he doubtless dreads, will be obviated by efficient 
work. 

Necessarily, the changing conditions of the meal in the 
heater—owing probably to the fact that, among other 
causes, one portion of the seed may contain a greater pro¬ 
portion of moisture than that which has just preceded it, or 
the reverse—will show a corresponding difference on the 
chart, but it will not be of sufficient significance to affect 
the final oil yield if the steam heater valves are simultane¬ 
ously regulated. When the engine slows down at the noon 
or midnight meal hour, or at any time that it is found neces- 



10 


COTTON-SEED OIL MANUFACTURE. 


sary to bring the mill to a standstill for a period exceeding 
three or four minutes, it is of the greatest importance that 
the steam jet valves should be shut off and the exhaust 
valves connected with the jacket closed, if in use. Neglect 
of this will assuredly cause the substance to be heated and 
saturated with moisture far beyond the point where economy 
ceases. This overcooked material, when subjected to the 
subsequent pressing operation, will spread in the effort to 
escape the gradually increasing pressure, and in so doing 
carries the press bagging material with it, thus rending and 
in a comparatively short time destroying it effectually. On 
the other hand, in the event of the valves having been shut 
off at the proper moment, but through omission are left in 
that situation for a greater or less period after the engine 
has been again put in motion and the manufacturing proc¬ 
esses resumed, the results are similarly pernicious in their 
far-reaching influence, as demonstrated by the inferior oil 
yield and a correspondingly high percentage in the cake. 

These culpable conditions, which have so frequently met 
the astonished eye of the superintendent, the manager, or the 
proprietor, as the case may be, on his arrival on the mill 
premises in the morning, and to whom the whole affair may 
appear inexplicable, whether it be destroyed press bagging 
or inferior oil yield, may interpret the origin of the diffi¬ 
culty by the foregoing details. The temptation which the 
small hours of the morning sometimes present to indifferent 
press-room help to relax their regular routine of duties is 
readily overcome, owing to the presence of such an unim¬ 
peachable witness in their midst. 

On an occasion not remote the writer stepped into a press¬ 
room at 1.80 a.m., on the night watch, and, while the 
surrounding conditions seemed normal, a closer investiga¬ 
tion revealed the fact that the contents of the heater were cold , 
owing to the steam valves having been left untouched from 
the time they had been shut, when the engine slowed down 





COTTON-SEED OIL MANUFACTURE. 


11 


at 12 M., for the double purpose of oiling up and partaking 
of meals. The engine having started up at the expiration 
of the regular half-hour, the rolling, moulding, and pressing 
had been maintained without the slightest application of 
steam, through the unpardonable neglect of the heater at¬ 
tendant, who had been in the meantime called from an out- 
of-the-way quarter, where he had been quietly enjoying a 
sound sleep, blissfully indifferent to the fact that during 
the period that he had been absent from his post of duty, an 
amount equal to many times his daily stipend had been ir¬ 
recoverably lost. 

To procure the normal proportion of oil it is absolutely 
essential that the meal should be efficiently treated, which 
desideratum is only acquired by close attention, in the form 
of frequent tests of the meal and correct adjustment of the 
valves. 

These generally recognized dogmas in oil-mill ethics were 
equally well known to the operator who was thus derelict in 
his duties, and who would doubtless not have been caught 
napping had any restraining influence been brought to bear, 
such as the telltale thermometer. Not only was this man 
discharged, but so also were the two men whose work was in 
close proximity to the neglected heater—a fate which they 
justly merited, owing to the palpable indifference they dis¬ 
played to their employer’s interests by silently tolerating 
such wasteful work. 

The use of a recording thermometer would at once disclose 
any defect in the heater in the form of a flaw or crack. 
The leaks resulting from such render it impracticable to 
turn out a uniformly cooked product, and on failure to 
caulk or stop such leaks, whether in a single casting or 
wrought-iron heater, the apparatus should be abolished for 
a new one, and by so doing economy is best subserved. 
The trustworthy operator would welcome the presence of 
such an innovation, for the reason that, should any defect be 




12 


COTTON-SEED OIL MANUFACTURE. 


demonstrated of a serious nature, such as a low oil yield, the 
thermometer chart, showing a uniform temperature through¬ 
out his watch, is a guarantee of duties faithfully performed, 
and an indication that the rolling or pressing operation is at 
fault instead of the cooking. 

PRESSURE AND ITS CORRECT APPLICATION IN THE 015- 

TAINMENT OF THE EXTRACTABLE OIL.—THE RECORDING 

HYDRAULIC PRESSURE-GAUGE AN INVALUABLE AID. 

Having proceeded thus far in the respective processes, 
assured that nothing has been left undone that would 
further facilitate the expression of the oil or improve the 
standard of the work executed, the next important and final 
step consists in the action of the hydraulic pressure. A sine 
qua non in the successful prosecution of the work yet to be 
done consists in uniformity of pressure. It is a fact that 
pressure produced by any system, however perfect the auto¬ 
matic arrangements may seem, will at times fluctuate by 
reason of some mechanical derangement in the principle 
used in its application, whether by the direct-acting steam 
pressure pump, operated in conjunction with an accumula¬ 
tor, by belt transmission, or by whatever system employed. 
Unquestionably, the best form of applying pressure is that 
of the former, which under normal conditions gives invari¬ 
able satisfaction. But the pump and its efficient auxiliary, 
the accumulator, may be in thorough working order, the 
regular gauge indicating the exact pressure required ; yet, 
owing to some difficulty, revealed upon careful investiga¬ 
tion, but a fraction of the desired pressure may have been 
exerted on the hydraulic ram, the inevitable result being a 
fractional yield of the normal proportion of extractable oil. 
This deficiency of pressure may have existed for an indefi¬ 
nite period on any particular press, during which time the 
manufacturer has been losing heavily. Doubtless the regu- 








COTTON-SEED OIL MANUFACTURE 


13 


lar pressure-gauge, if connected to the press, would at once 
indicate the presence of such defective work, but the gauge 
is not very closely scrutinized by the average pressman, es¬ 
pecially during the long hours of the night watch. 

The system which makes possible the existence of such 
egregious irregularities is clearly at fault, and urgently in 
need of speedy reformation. Here, again, the progressive 
march of science may be utilized to excellent advantage in 
the attainment of absolutely accurate work, by the introduc¬ 
tion of the recording hydraulic pressure-gauge. The regu¬ 
lar hydraulic gauge, while indicating current pressure, is 
useless as a reflector of past conditions. This fact fosters 
inattention, and is an unfailing source of incipient trouble, 
which at times is developed to an alarming extent—condi¬ 
tions which rarely or ever appear on the surface, but which 
are demonstrated by the imperfect yield, a circumstance 
which is invariably attributed to poor seed or some other 
cause. 

Referring further to the ordinary hydraulic pressure- 
gauge, a relaxation of from five hundred to a thousand 
pounds pressure per square inch may have been maintained 
for an indefinite period, the regular hydraulic gauge at the 
time showing the true condition ; but the return to the 
normal pressure and the simultaneous indication thereof on 
the gauge dial effectually blot out the events of the past. 
During the period that the reduced pressure was main¬ 
tained the manufacturing processes were in continuous 
operation ; and the inadequate pressure failing to extract 
the normal proportion of oil, a high percentage is left in 
the cake, which as oil is utterly lost to the manufacturer. 

It will thus be seen that the efficient work which may 
have preceded this serious anomaly will have been nullified 
—the object for which the pressing operation has been 
called into requisition being materially frustrated—owing 
to the failure of the press to perform its regular functions. 




14 


COTTON-SEED OIL MANUFACTURE. 


The subsequent analysis of cake reveals the true condition 
of affairs ; and while it is too late to avert the evil already 
effected, the knowledge thus demonstrated by analysis en¬ 
ables the manager or mill superintendent to fully realize 
the gravity of the situation and to adopt precautionary 
measures to obviate similar occurrences in the future. 

By connecting a recording pressure-gauge to the pump— 
or, better still, to each ju’ess—the history of the twenty- 
four hours’ previous work is unimpeachably recorded. 
Some forms of gauge now on the market have the marking 
pointer attached to the tube, and, actuated by the applied 
pressure, it has a tendency to uncoil or straighten, a cir¬ 
cumstance which causes the marking arm to move around 
the range of the chart without the necessity of any inter¬ 
vening device. This gives a continuous record of the press¬ 
ure brought to bear on the ground material, and its 
adaptation would be a decided advance in modern oil mill¬ 
ing. 

The method of treating the crushed cotton-seed in the 
heaters differs slightly from that of linseed when being 
manipulated in the manufacture of linseed oil, although 
the same general principles govern the manufacture of all 
vegetable oils. 

Some varieties of seed contain a much higher percentage 
of moisture than others, especially when recently removed 
from the plant. To the latter class cotton-seed belongs, 
and in the case of green seed, instead of adding artificial 
moisture in the form of steam blown directly into the 
crushed material in the heater, heat radiating from the 
jacketed heaters is brought into requisition to remove 
the surplus natural moisture, the presence of which would 
otherwise be destructive of the press bagging in the final 
pressing operation. The foregoing reference with regard 
to the introduction of live steam in the crushed material in 
the heaters, had more direct bearing on the linseed than the 






COTTON-SEED OIL MANUFACTURE. 


15 


cotton-seed pulp in heaters, but the lack of sufficient heat 
in heater jackets in cotton-seed oil manufacture is as bane¬ 
ful in its results as in linseed oil manufacture. In nearly 
every variety of linseed, excepting the watery and unripe 
product, a certain proportion of steam must be blown into 
the crushed material in the heater, in addition to that 
which should be always maintained in the jacket, to facili¬ 
tate the flow of oih Cotton-seed which has been in storage 
for a prolonged period, during which the proportion of nat¬ 
ural moisture has largely decreased, will also require the ap¬ 
plication of live steam in the heater if the correct propor¬ 
tion of extractable oil is to be procured. 

There are a large number of mills in England which oper¬ 
ate cotton-seed and linseed alternately by means of the same 
machinery, which, of course, includes heaters. The cotton¬ 
seed used is chiefly of the Egyptian variety, and a certain 
proportion of steam is forced into the meal in the heater 
in every instance to replace the natural moisture evaporated 
by reason of the prolonged period between the removal of 
the seed from the cotton plant and its treatment ultimately 
by the crusher. These conditions obtained in this country 
for many years ; but as the interests of the crushers are 
best served by working off the seed as soon as possible after 
the crop has been gathered, with as brief a storage duration 
as possible, to avoid heating, etc., and in conformity with 
the methods heretofore referred to, heaters specially con¬ 
structed are now used, having large areas, so that an ex¬ 
tended surface of the cotton-seed meal may be subjected to 
the dry heat emanating from the surrounding jackets and 
bottoms, thus procuring a thorough dissemination, thereby 
effecting evaporation of the surplus moisture in a more sat¬ 
isfactory manner than was heretofore possible by old meth¬ 
ods. 




1(3 


COTTON-SEED OIL MANUFACTURE. 


'MODERN HEATERS, THEIR CONSTRUCTION, AND MODE OF 

OPERATION. 

In the manufacture of cotton-seed oil various forms of 
kettles or heaters are used. Two recent innovations, mate¬ 
rially differing in design, though similar in principle, and 
constructed by different mechanicians, are now in operation 
in some mills, and it is claimed for each that they obtain a 
better cooked material than is obtainable by any other con¬ 
trivance. As a proper temperature in the treated material 
is of vital importance, no pains should be spared which con¬ 
duce to this result. In order to produce a uniformity of 
temperature, great efforts have been made to devise appli¬ 
ances by means of which the manipulation of the meal may 
be facilitated. 

It is essential to maintain a certain temperature consist¬ 
ent with prevailing atmospheric influences, and the ac¬ 
quisition of knowledge to efficiently perform this highly 
important process is secured only by practical experience. 
The arrangement now in operation in the leading mills 
consists in three kettles, or heaters, so organized that while 
one is delivering a cooked charge, another is preparing 
a second charge, and the third heater is receiving its 
quantum sufficit, to be in readiness for the succeeding 
cooking operation, the heat radiating from the bottoms 
and jacketed sides of the heaters continuously driving off 
the accumulation of natural moisture in the crushed ma¬ 
terial. 

1 he heaters included in the various designs differ in size 
pi opoi tionate to the capacity of the mill. The design and 
mode of operation of the class including three in a single 
combination, and by the correct use of which a uniformly 
tempered product is obtained, is as follows: Two kettles, 
01 heaters, which we will call hiAs. 1 and 2, are placed 



COTTON-SEED OIL MANUFACTURE. 


1T 


in an elevated position and resting on top of the lower 
heater, which will be represented by No. 3, the lower part 
of the latter being about four feet from the floor, and 
the whole supported by stout iron columns. The point 
at which the peripheries of the two upper heaters adjoin is 
immediately over the centre of the lower one. 

In order to more fully describe the cooking operation, we 
will suppose it is Monday morning and the mill is about to 
commence the first watch of the week. The heaters are 
clean and, everything being in order, the engine starts, and 
soon the complicated mechanisms of the numerous ma¬ 
chines are set in motion. The feed is turned on the rolls 
and the real manufacturing processes have fairly begun. 
The crushed seed is continuously elevated from the hopper 
beneath the rolls and falls in No. 1 heater until it contains 
a sufficient quantity, when it is shut off and permitted to 
fall into No. 2 heater. 

Probably the form of heaters most suitable in the manu¬ 
facture of cotton-seed oil, and that which has come into 
general use in the leading mills, and a large proportion of 
those of recent construction, consists in a set of three, sit¬ 
uated in a continuous position and on the same plane. 
Under the heaters, and immediately beneath a segment of 
the circumference of each, a steam jacketed conveyer passes 
the treated material to the moulding machine to receive pre¬ 
liminary formation, prior to being subjected to the action of 
the great hydraulic press. 

The arrangement of three permits an extended time for 
the dry heat evolved from the steam space around and be¬ 
neath the heater to radiate throughout the crushed seed, and 
very materially facilitates the driving off of excessive moist¬ 
ure, when such is present. 

The steam jacketed conveyer was designed with the ob¬ 
ject of maintaining continuously a uniform temperature on 
the crushed material from the moment the latter falls into 




18 


COTTON-SEED OIL MANUFACTURE. 


the heater until withdrawn from the conveyer, to be shaped 
into cake form, thereby producing uninterrupted and pro¬ 
longed evaporation. The utility of such design, both in 
the form of heaters and conveyer, will be readily appre¬ 
ciated by the crusher whose raw material is similar to that 
which is offered in various districts in Texas, South Caro¬ 
lina, and other cotton-growing sections at the moment. 
The conditions which govern the cotton-seed market in 
these States and the quality—green, and consequently full 
of moisture—should act as salient incentives in pursuing 
the most economical course in the obtainment of best re¬ 
sults. By exposing as large a proportion of the meal as 
possible to the action of the heat in bringing the former 
into direct contact with the steam jacketed sides and bot¬ 
toms, a more perfect evaporation of moisture is obtained in 
the heater. 

The sweeper or agitator revolving with the vertical shaft 
around the bottom, by continuously changing the position 
of the meal, facilitates the dissemination of the heat through¬ 
out the latter. A body of crushed seed eight or ten inches 
deep can be treated much more effectively in the heater 
vhan one of twelve or fourteen inches, owing to the fact 
that the former being less dense, the heat is more uniformly 
distributed, and more satisfactory results accrue. Here the 
superiority of the modern system of cooking over the older 
is made manifest. With a single heater from which charges 
were frequently withdrawn in rapid succession, as in the 
case of this now obsolete method, as far as cotton-seed oil 
manufacture is concerned, a uniformly cooked material 
became absolutely impossible to procure. The material 
was permitted to fall into the heater rapidly and with¬ 
drawn similarly, the cooking period being inadequate, owing 
to the generally crowded condition of the latter, and the 
ruinous policy of setting a standard time for the output of 
a certain daily amount of oil and cake, or, in other words. 







19 


COTTON-SEED OIL MANUFACTURE. 


for the consumption of a stated quantity of seed in a 
specified time, regardless of the means adopted for its ac¬ 
complishment. 

The mode of procedure with regard to the charging and 
emptying of the heaters in the three-set system, is con¬ 
ducted so that the contents of each will have been subjected 
to the same period of treatment, and the proportion of 
heated or cooked material permitted to fall into the steam 
jacketed conveyer beneath being the same, as nearly as 
practicable, in the respective heaters. On the commence¬ 
ment of operations on first watch of the week, Nos. 1, 2, 
and 3 heaters are charged in the order named. The feed 
should be so graded, that by the time No. 3 heater has re¬ 
ceived its quantum sufficit, the contents of No. 1 should be 
ready for the moulding machine, and so on continuously. 
By means of a conveniently arranged lever, attached to the 
bottom of each heater, a movable slide is removed, the 
cooked material falling to the conveyer, to be carried along 
to the mould. The formation of the heater sweeps exerts 
considerable influence in the agitation and changing of the 
position of the material. 

The heat at once begins to act on the crushed seed, and 
is uniformly disseminated through the mass by the action of 
revolving agitators which sweep around the bottom, carry¬ 
ing the meal partly around at each revolution, thus momen¬ 
tarily changing its position, and preventing any portion 
from being singed or burned. When the charge in No. 1 
kettle is sufficiently cooked, the withdrawal of a slide per¬ 
mits it to fall into No. 3, beneath, and at the same moment 
the cooking process is commenced in No. 2 kettle, which by 
this time has had a full complement of meal conveyed to it. 
The feed from rolls is now directed to the first, or No. 1 
kettle, which at this point is empty, having discharged 
itself into the lower kettle. 

When the cooked meal has been withdrawn from the lat- 



'20 


COTTON-SEED OIL MANUFACTURE. 


ter kettle for its preliminary formation, prior to being sub¬ 
jected to the action of the hydraulic press, the material in 
No. 2 kettle is prepared, and permitted to fall into the 
lower kettle, now empty by reason of the withdrawal of the 
charge for the final processes, the successive operations 
being continuously maintained as described. 

In almost all manufacturing industries, heat and the 
effects produced by its agency, take precedence of all others. 
In the production of most manufactured products, it will 
be found that in some essential process pertaining thereto, 
heat of greater or less intensity will be utilized in some form 
or other. The perfect extraction of oil from vegetable sub¬ 
stances by hydraulic pressure is very materially dependent 
on this principle. To cotton-seed the application of this 
principle is of peculiar significance, and probably of greater 
moment than in the case of any other. Without heat and 
moisture in sufficient proportions, the extractable oil will 
remain in the crushed material, however efficiently the 
pressing operation may be maintained. 


THE DIFFICULTY EXPERIENCED IN TREATING COTTON-SEED 
MEALS SO AS TO PROCURE BEST RESULTS. 

Cotton-seed, of all known vegetable substances the oil 
from which is extracted by hydraulic pressure, is probably 
the most difficult to manipulate. The greatest drawback 
in the manufacture of cotton-seed oil consists in the chang¬ 
ing conditions of the seed, necessitating special treatment 
for each phase. Meals containing an abnormal proportion 
of moisture and of inferior quality, require prolonged treat¬ 
ment for the evaporation of the surplus moisture to prepare 
them suitably for the pressing operation. These untoward 
conditions confronted the seed crushers of South Carolina 
and parts of Texas recently, and in the event of the 
first run of the season's seed being sufficiently remunerative 




COTTON-SEED OIL MANUFACTURE. 


21 


to meet current obligations, not a few considered them¬ 
selves foi tunate. J. he relatively high price for a compara¬ 
tively inferior material exercises a salient influence on this 
vital question. Under these unfavorable conditions the 
greatest caie must be employed in the avoidance of waste, 
by strict adherence to the fundamental principles of oil 
milling, or most assuredly the manufacturer will ultimately 
discover his financial balance on the wrong side of the led¬ 
ger. 

As the season advances the material will, however, prove 
of better quality, and the prospective profits be augmented 
in the same ratio. 

The uniformity of moisture which may be present in 
other varieties of seed, linseed for instance, enables the 
manufacturer to proceed with the complemental processes 
at regular intervals, continuously maintained from watch 
to watch, and from week to week, without serious inter¬ 
ruption. In well-regulated linseed-oil mills a certain 
amount of oil and cake, or in other words a regular con¬ 
sumption of seed and corresponding number of press 
charges, is effected weekly. Excluding break-downs of a 
serious nature, the stipulated aggregate of manufactured 
products is thus regularly turned out with a degree of abso¬ 
lute certainty. The proportion of moisture present in all 
varieties of linseed is comparatively uniform. Probably the 
most immature contains but little over seven per cent., 
while the East India variety contains very much less, by about 
two-thirds. It will be thus seen that in the manufacture 
of linseed oil, the heater operator, by dose attention, is en¬ 
abled to turn out a uniformly cooked product by means of 
slight alterations of the valve positions to meet the require¬ 
ments of the material under treatment. Owing to this 
fact, an automatic signal is operated in the leading linseed- 
oil mills, by means of which the operatives are apprised 
that the moment has arrived when the press must be low- 






22 


COTTON-SEED OIL MANUFACTURE. 


ered, emptied, and recharged. In connection with this au¬ 
tomatic signal a register may be brought into requisition, by 
means of which the exact amount of work done by the mill 
may be ascertained at a glance at any hour during the week. 
The register simply records the number of strokes the auto¬ 
matic signal has made, which number corresponds to the 
number of pressings effected up to that moment, thus dem¬ 
onstrating the exact amount of work performed. 

The use of an automatic announcer of this description 
becomes impracticable in the operation of cotton-seed oil 
mills, owing to the variable nature of the seed—a circum¬ 
stance which places the manufacturers at a decided disad¬ 
vantage, as compared with other industries of the foregoing 
description. No comparatively reliable calculation can be 
made concerning the consumption of the raw material in a 
given time. Nevertheless, cotton-seed is operated with the 
same regularity in English mills to-day as the linseed, the 
material being in the main of the Egyptian variety. A 
number of years ago, the writer superintended the opera¬ 
tion of a mill in England, run on this principle, the seed 
being, however, undecorticated, and the method—now al¬ 
most obsolete in that country—being the old box press. 

Seed produced by our soil, however, requires very differ¬ 
ent treatment, and in view of this fact and for the purpose 
of obtaining a uniformly cooked product in a stated time, 
so that the business may be conducted on a systematic 
basis, similar to that of the linseed crushing industry, the 
writer designed the following form of heater several months 
ago. The peculiar characteristics of American cotton-seed 
and the special requirements essential in rendering it a suit¬ 
ably cooked material, consist in manipulating the substance 
in the heater so that the heat may radiate throughout the 
mass in the most effective manner possible. Obviously, the 
less densely the meals rest on heater bottoms, the more 
surely and rapidly the influence of temperature will make 



COTTON-SEED OJL MANUFACTURE. 


23 


itself apparent, and for the same reason the more perfect 
the mixing will be. The heat radiating from the steam 
spaces will more readily permeate the mass. 

And the continuously recurring motion of the sweep or 
agitator will materially facilitate this action. The most 
feasible design to procure a thoroughly cooked product, 
from the writer’s standpoint, should consist of a three or 
four chambered cylinder, somewhat similar in design to the 
latest innovation, but differing from it in this important re¬ 
spect : more than six inches of the crushed seed should not 
be permitted to enter each chamber while undergoing treat¬ 
ment, and instead of having the sides steam jacketed, the 
space between the real and false bottoms of each chamber 
would be found to be sufficient for all purposes, With the 
density of the material limited to this amount, the action 
of the agitators would cause a continuous changing of posi¬ 
tion of every particle of seed, and at the same time facilitate 
the introduction of heat from the bottom. 

Where a density of from eighteen to twenty-four inches 
of meals is being treated in one chamber, a uniform quality 
of work under any conditions becomes practically impossi¬ 
ble. Masses will be discharged into the measuring-box at a 
conrparatively low temperature, followed by an equal amount 
of over-heated material, the former lumpy and of irregular 
character, the result being an inferior yield of oil, and 
where the over-heated material is withdrawn in sufficient 
quantities the destruction of the press bagging will be the 
natural sequence. Treating the material in large masses as 
described, promotes the formation of lumpy matter, the in¬ 
terior of which heat cannot penetrate, and judged from any 
standpoint, is a very inefficient mode of treatment. 

The formation of a heater, such as suggested, would con¬ 
sist of four upright stanchions or hollow iron supports at 
equal distances apart, and at a point about four feet from 
the floor surface the real and false bottoms of the lower 






24 


COTTON-SEED OIL MANUFACTURE. 


chamber of a series of chambers would be attached, with 
openings in the centre, to permit the entrance of a vertical 
shaft to operate the agitators, suitable space being left be¬ 
tween each, the circumference being enveloped b} r large 
hoops or sheet-iron bands, perhaps eight or nine inches 
wide, in four sections to each chamber, a section embracing 
one-quarter of the circumference, or the arch formed between 
each support, to which latter they would be firmly bolted, 
and in such a manner that the bolts and nuts would be easy 
of access. In the event of it being found necessary to in¬ 
spect the interior of a chamber, the removal of one or more 
of the bands or sheeting which thus form the side of the 
chamber, would be easy of accomplishment. In order to 
obviate crowding and a greater density than six inches of 
meals in eacli chamber, long narrow openings, probably 
one inch in width, could be made in the bands, about six 
inches and a half from the bottom of the chamber, which 
would have the effect of causing the seed to fall to the floor, 
and thus promptly draw the attention of the operator, caus¬ 
ing him to check the feed. 

Irregularity is an unavoidable feature of work on resum¬ 
ing operations after the mill has been closed down for a 
period extending over a few hours. Everything is cold— 
heaters, jacketed conveyers, press plates, et al —and not 
until three or four hours have elapsed after the first revo¬ 
lution of the engine has been made, can it be said that the 
respective processes are maintained with anything resem¬ 
bling uniform work. 

But this irregularity, under careful treatment, should 
cease at the termination of this period. 

The narrow and extended openings referred to in heaters 
which we have now under consideration, could be utilized 
to good advantage during these brief periods of immature 
work, but, after uniformity had been established (that is, 
regular charges entering and withdrawing from heater con- 




COTTON-SEED OIL MANUFACTURE. 


25 


currently) small sliding gates would effectually enclose the 
material. Sufficient heat could be imparted to the meals to 
obviate any influence of an atmospheric character caused by 
the side openings, while on occasions when an unusually 
moist material would be under treatment they would mate¬ 
rially facilitate the exit of moisture by evaporation. The 
modus operandi would be as follows : The meals on being 
discharged into the first chamber at the top would pass 
through the opening in the centre, and by the action of the 
agitators gradually work their way to the sides, between 
which and the jacketed chamber bottom on which the ma¬ 
terial is being manipulated, sufficient space should be 
allowed to pertnit of their free discharge into the chamber 
beneath, the latter having its discharge opening around the 
vertical shaft in centre, and not at the sides as in the one 
immediately above it. 

The action of the agitators in the chamber would gradu¬ 
ally carry the material to the central opening, which, by 
reason of its being the only place of exit, the meals must of 
necessity move in that direction, and soon in succeeding 
chambers beneath, until withdrawn at bottom. The mate¬ 
rial would thus perforce make a zig-zag course, continued 
from the moment of its entry at upper chamber until its 
exit through sliding gate in bottom chamber, and through¬ 
out its entire passage being subjected to a dry heat suitable 
to any of its variable conditions. This design might be 
used to equal advantage in the treatment of ground linseed, 
or any other vegetable substance, for the expression of the 
oil. In the case of the latter, where the addition of artifi¬ 
cial moisture becomes imperative, live steam could be in¬ 
jected into the mass in top chamber, so that before its with¬ 
drawal into mould frame beneath, a uniformly treated 
product would be the result, alike free from lumps, exces¬ 
sive dryness, or surplus moisture, and possessing the correct 
degree of temperature. 




26 


COTTON-SEED OIL MANUFACTURE. 


It is a comparatively safe assumption that the meals thus 
caused to automatically traverse the heated bottoms of each 
chamber, every particle of which has been subjected to heat 
and agitation, will be turned out of a uniform consistency 
and in prime condition for the extraction of the unctuous 
fluid. 

With heaters of this design and of sufficient area, say five 
or six feet inside diameter, a set of presses could be oper¬ 
ated with regular and well-prepared charges continuously. 

HINTS TO PRACTICAL OIL MILLERS WITH REGARD TO PRESS¬ 
ROOM APPLIANCES AND METHODS. 

Owing to the fact that the first pressings are necessarily 
defective, a very inferior oil yield being the result, the best 
interests of the manufacturer are subserved by gradually re¬ 
working the cake. Although the meals encompassed in 
their camel-hair wrappings may possess the normal degree 
of temperature at the moment of their discharge from the 
heater, the close contact with the cold press-plates at once 
reduces the temperature of the treated material, a still 
further reduction of temperature occurring on the applica¬ 
tion of the pressure, the inevitable result being a very de¬ 
fective oil yield. To procure the normal proportion of ex¬ 
tractable oil, all preceding processes being analogous, it is 
thus clearly demonstrated that heat becomes an indispen¬ 
sable element. 

To obviate rhis difficulty not a few of the linseed-oil manu¬ 
facturers use steam coils of piping between the hydraulic 
presses. By this means heat, equal to about 100° F., may 
be applied to the presses for several hours before the mill 
commences the first watch of the week. The night watch¬ 
man permits the passage of steam through the coils at a 
stated time, also through the jacketed heaters, so that 
before the introduction of the material for cooking or press- 







COTTON-SEED OIL MANUFACTURE. 


27 


ing, the respective machines will be transformed from an 
unsuitable condition to one in uniformity with the special 
requirements of the case. 

To still further maintain a uniformity of temperature 
between and around the plates of the hydraulic presses, sub¬ 
sequently (that is, during the period in which the oil is 
being extracted, and the emptying and charging of each 
press is carried on), a set comprising four, five, or six of the 
latter is enclosed by wooden erections, a glass pane in the 
rear permitting a view of the flowing oil, while a small 
hinged door in the front is permitted to remain open suffi¬ 
ciently long for the termination and resumption of the suc¬ 
cessive pressings^of each press, respectively. 

Manufacturers of cotton-seed oil will do well to closelv 
follow the example demonstrated by the economical methods 
pursued in kindred manufacturing industries, as far too lit¬ 
tle attention has been hitherto bestowed on these really im¬ 
portant matters. When the complementary processes are in 
full operation and a sufficiently high temperature has been 
obtained in the immediate neighborhood of the presses, the 
valve maybe shut on steam coil and reopened when occasion 
requires. The wooden enclosures, while facilitating the 
maintenance of a uniform temperature, effectually ward off 
cold blasts from any quarter. An open window in rear of 
the press, through which a draught circulates, will deleteri- 
ously affect the oil yield. 

In the manufacture of linseed, rape, and cotton-seed oil the 
writer has made an invariable practice of reworking the first 
pressings. Thus the surplus oil which would otherwise 
remain unexpressed from the residue or cake, is recovered. 

The writer has analyzed cake from which the oil had been 
expressed by cold presses, and which revealed from fifteen 
per cent, to sixteen per cent, of oil, while the cake selected 
for analysis several hours subsequently disclosed a fraction 
over seven per cent, of oil. This closely approaches the cold 



28 


COTTON-SEED OIL MANUFACTURE. 


pressure system of extracting oil, and while the expressed 
fluid is usually a very superior oil and more susceptible of 
manipulation in the refining processes than the ordinary 
crude product, its continuance under ruling prices for the 
raw and manufactured products, would materially expedite 
bankruptcy proceedings involving those concerned. 

Cotton-seed oil made by the cold pressure system is regu¬ 
larly expressed, though on a limited scale, in Marseilles, 
France, but a price commensurate with the cost of produc¬ 
tion is readily obtained. 

It is owing to the expense incurred in heating presses, 
heaters, etc., which renders the operation of an oil mill a 
very unprofitable proceeding, unless run continuously, night 
and day. 

It may be considered by many manufacturers that time 
spent in thus reworking the cold pressed material would not 
be so remunerative as by continuing the processes in rapid 
succession, the reworked material taking the place of freshly 
treated meals, thus retarding or prolonging the period of 
the consumption of seed in stock. But while it is a matter 
of great moment to lose no valuable time in reducing the 
accumulated stock in the contiguous storehouses, it is of 
no less consequence to subject the material to suitable treat¬ 
ment, so that the extractable proportion of oil may be ob¬ 
tained. The policy of rushing the product through the 
heaters and presses, under contracted cooking and pressure 
periods, respectively, is most reprehensible, and in the effort 
to obviate the possibility of heating or decomposing of the 
seed in stock extreme measures are too frequently resorted 
to. Too many of the seed crushers look at the business in 
a superficial manner, and, as previously referred to, base 
their estimate on the success of the season’s run, or on the 
fallacy that he who consumes the most seed, and therefore 
manufactures the most aggregated products, makes the 
most money. In the end efficient work must prevail, and 






COTTON-SEED OIL MANUFACTURE 


29 


in these fiercely competitive times, the manufacturer who 
has regarded the maxim that, what is worth doing is worth 
doing well, will stand out as another exemplification of the 
“ survival of the fittest.” 

A very heavy item of cost with which the oil miller is 
too frequently confronted, consists in the enormous hills 
which present themselves with unfailing regularity, having 
in view especially the fabric which encompasses the mate¬ 
rial when undergoing pressure. It would surprise most of 
the manufacturers to know how easily they could cut their 
bill in two by giving the question the consideration it de¬ 
serves, and probing the apparent mystery until the cause is 
unearthed and remedial measures applied. Camel-hair 
wrapping is by all means the best material to use, and prod¬ 
igality is best subserved by substituting bastard fabrics of 
the mixed or cotton variety. 

As the business develops, the movement for the manufact¬ 
ure of compound lard conjointly with the manufacture of 
the crude product is more than likely to have numerous 
followers. It is according to the natural order of things 
that this allied industry should eventually become practi¬ 
cally identified with the manufacture of the crude cotton- 
oil. Hitherto, the business—that of compound lard manu¬ 
facture—has been almost exclusively conducted by the pork 
packers, but the phenomenally increased demand for the 
latter within recent years would portend a wide field for the 
progressive crusher whose mill capacity would warrant the 
combination, and without material prejudice to the former. 

REFINING AND FILTER-PRESS CLARIFICATION. 

A thorough knowledge of the oil refining processes be¬ 
comes an absolute necessity, before the question of com¬ 
pound lard manufacture can be entertained. The peculiar 
characteristics of the remaining substances which form its 





30 


COTTON-SEED OIL MANUFACTURE. 


constituents, must also be fully understood. Under any 
conditions the manufacturer of the crude oil should know 
how to refine it, and thus secure the increased profits de¬ 
riving therefrom. It therefore becomes expedient for the 
crusher, whose mill capacity will warrant a sufficient oil- 
supply in the prosecution of the succeeding work—that of 
refining to be followed by the blending of the respective in¬ 
gredients in the artificial combination—to acquire profi¬ 
ciency in the art of oil refining. This may be looked upon 
as a preliminary step to more progressive and lucrative work 
than has characterized the business in recent years. 

The refining of cotton-seed oil is considered by many as an 
acquisition easily attained, and the subject is treated by 
many with much less consideration than its importance de¬ 
serves. To produce the exact color, taste, flavor, etc.—in a 
butter-oil, for instance—and to meet the fastidious views of 
the various consumers, together with a minimum of waste 
in the manipulation, skill of no mean order becomes an es¬ 
sential requirement. The technical detail in the chemical 
and mechanical treatment of the oil, together with the be¬ 
havior of the latter at various stages of the processes, must 
be familiar to the refiner in the execution of economical and 
therefore efficient work. 

Experiments of an empirical character, with the inevi¬ 
tably profitless results, very frequently depress the ambi¬ 
tion of the would-be refiner, and for the time, at least, the 
project is abandoned. Small lots carefully treated, accord¬ 
ing to the most approved available formula, and the chang¬ 
ing conditions of the fluid under treatment accuratelv noted 
as the process advances, should mark the progress of first 
efforts. The cotton-seed oil manufacturer whose mill capa¬ 
city is inadequate to the erection of large refining tanks, 
with complete equipment, together with the necessity of 
securing the services of a high-priced refiner, would do well 
to commence in this unostentatious manner. 




COTTON-SEED OIL MANUFACTURE. 31 

The methods of refining in the various establishments 
throughout the country differ somewhat, and are based on 
the preconceived ideas of the respective manipulators. Oil 
refining, as carried on by the American Cotton Oil Co., 
is based on the same principle throughout its refining sta¬ 
tions. Several of the superfine grades of oil, winter white 
and yellow, the quotations of which may be observed daily, 
exert but a very restricted influence on the commercial 
world. A very limited demand obtains for this class of oils. 

The first important step in the production of a refined 
oil consists in separating the impurities from the newly 
made product. This is best accomplished by a brief period 
of repose to effect the precipitation of the heavy matter, the 
oil to be subsequently treated to the filtration process by 
means of the ordinary filter press. An oil which has been 
made several weeks, and from which the settlings have been 
removed, being thus well settled, can be pumped into the 
refining tank without filtration, but when practicable the 
latter process should be carried out in every instance. 

The general principles which govern the refining process 
most in general use, consist in the treatment of the clarified 
oil with a solution of caustic soda lye graded to a certain 
strength, and in suitable proportions, in conjunction with 
mechanical agitation and increased temperature, for a 
period consistent with the quality of the oil under manipu¬ 
lation. When sufficient time has elapsed for the soap stock 
and extraneous matter generally to subside, the clear oil is 
removed from the former, while the soap stock is subjected 
to a crude system of filtration by means of which the oil 
which it contains is recovered. The supernatant oil is then 
treated to a second filtration, the result being a beautiful 
yellow oil. 

It is a mistake to permit oil to pass through the filter 
press at a point above the normal temperature. It has been 
demonstrated, in similar treatment accorded other vegetable 



32 


COTTON-SEED OIL MANUFACTURE 


oils, that an accelerated temperature lias the effect of assimi¬ 
lating the mucilaginous or gummy matter—characteristic 
of all vegetable oils—during the period said temperature is 
maintained. The objectionable substances in solution with 
the oil thus pass through the filtering medium, the texture 
of the latter, however fine, being incapable of retarding their 
progress, and a sample taken from the receiving tank when 
the temperature has subsided, will disclose the presence of 
the suspended vegetable matter, which in the heated oil 
was imperceptible. 

Heated oil will pass through the press with less pressure 
and much more rapidity than when cold, but the system is 
defective and should be discontinued. Additional time is 
necessary to effect the complete precipitation of the sus¬ 
pended matter with this system, a circumstance which un¬ 
mistakably points to the inefficiency of filtration under the 
conditions described. When the treated oil is filtered cold, 
or at the normal temperature, the insoluble and extraneous 
matter is retained by the filter cloths, on which it deposits 
and accumulates, a bright oil being produced, equal from 
any standpoint to a settled oil. Where the filter press is 
not in use in the preparation of a yellow oil, the latter is 
sometimes subjected to a secondary heating, which has the 
effect of expediting the subsidation of the impurities not 
yet removed. 

The English method in refining consists in treating about 
100 gallons of the crude oil with about 6 gallons of the soda 
lye of 25 or 30° Beaume and heated for about two hours at 
a temperature of about 200° Fahrenheit under constant ad- 
tat ion. Very much larger quantities are treated at a single 
operation in the United States, and at a much lower tem¬ 
perature (100° F.), together with less powerful soda lye ; 
the character of the English product being inferior, more 
energetic treatment is essential. 

The winter oil is a production of the yellow (summer) oil. 




COTTON-SEED OIL MANUFACTURE. 


33 


miide by the foregoing treatment, together with the supple¬ 
mentary process of filtration, and is obtained by the chilling 
process, the solid matter formed being known as stearine, 
used in the butterine and soap-making industries. 

lo produce the desired flavor in an edible oil various ex¬ 
pedients are resorted to, the exact character of which is 
considered a trade secret. Refined oil is at times main¬ 
tained at a temperature of about 140° F. for several days to 
produce certain results. 

As a bleaching factor in the production of a white oil, 
fuller s-earth surpasses all other known substances ; never¬ 
theless its use is accompanied with a heavy percentage of 
waste, unavoidable by reason of its absorbent properties. In 
the filtration process, which succeeds the mixing of the 
earth and oil, the small percentage of the former is secured, 
but is heavily charged with the oil, and the cost of recover¬ 
ing same would scarcely pay for the labor involved. By 
the application of steam introduced to the filter press the 
charged chambers of caked earth and oil are saturated, the 
fluid slowly flowing, or separating from the earth with the 
condensed steam, leaving the used bleaching agent as a 
valueless product to be cast away. 

The Scollay process, by means of which oil is bleached in 
a somewhat similar manner to the fullerVearth system, has 
been introduced to some Southern refineries. Suitable 
ochres, such as hematite and limonite, or any similar pig¬ 
ment which does not injure the oil as an article of food 
properly manipulated and prepared for use, mixed and agi¬ 
tated with the oil in certain proportions will take up the 
gum, resin, and coloring matter, and separate it from the 
oil, thus purifying and refining it. From an industrial 
standpoint cotton-seed oil becomes more valuable as the years 
succeed each other. Its cheapness renders its use practica¬ 
ble in numerous industries, and its area of usefulness is 
gradually widening. 




u 


COTTON-SEEI) OIL MANUFACTURE. 


THE IMPRACTICABILITY OF MANUFACTURING COTTON-SEED 

OIL ON A SMALL SCALE COMPATIBLE WITH ECONOMY. 

Owing to the heavy expense incurred in transporting the 
seed from the plantations and scattered cotton-growing dis¬ 
tricts to the mills, together with the generally low price— 
from the cultivator’s standpoint—deriving from the trade, 
the practicability of introducing small oil-mill plants in 
the supply centres, and right on the soil which nurtures 
the product, has long been considered. A superficial view 
of the situation would endorse the feasibility of the scheme, 
but more mature consideration will demonstrate the fact 
that the manufacture of cotton-seed oil and cake on a small 
scale is anything but a profitable undertaking. 

On a limited scale, as such a project would necessarily 
be, the manufacturing processes would be confronted with 
serious difficulties of an insuperable character. 

Vegetable oils of other varieties, such as linseed, sun¬ 
flower-seed, etc., are crushed and pressed in many parts of 
Russia, Egypt, and East India, in small quantities, and 
while the business is conducted on a basis of bare profit, the 
work is necessarily very defective. But, in the event of 
cotton-seed being worked similarly, the bare profit would 
be conspicuous by its absence, this, too, notwithstanding the 
fact that the cost of labor in Egypt and India will bear no 
comparison with that of the United States, and that the 
Egyptian and East India variety of seed can be handled 
much more economically than the American product. In 
the manufacture of prime oil and decorticated cake, the 
difficulty which would first present itself would be the 
expense involved—not to speak of the incongruity—of oper¬ 
ating delinting machines hulling for the available supplies 
from a contracted area, which must of necessity be compara¬ 
tively light. In the event of a plantation being sufficiently 




COTTON-SEED OIL MANUFACTURE. 


35 


extensive to raise supplies adequate for the consumption of 
a set of hydraulic presses, the manufacturing processes 
could be maintained according to the best established prin¬ 
ciples, but in small quantities efficient work with its usual 
concomitant — a reasonable profit — become impossible of 
attainment. The project might be carried into effect with 
better prospect of success by crushing and pressing the un¬ 
decorticated seed. By this method the meals and hulls are 
crushed, heated, and pressed together without distinction, on 
the exact lines which obtained when the now vast cotton¬ 
seed oil manufacturing industry was in its incipiency. 

An “off” oil is the inevitable result produced by this 
crude method. This must be interpreted as a diminution 
of the questionable profit. The hulls submitted to the same 
heating process as the meals, and being thus intimately 
associated therewith, deleteriously affect the color of the oil, 
and a dark variety is obtained. 

The cake as a feeding product would command a compara¬ 
tively low price, the rough dark hulls distributed over the 
surface and interior of the cake proving decidedly detrimen¬ 
tal to mastication. 

In England the Egyptian and other varieties of cotton¬ 
seed are in the main worked in this manner, but by reason 
of the fact that a much less proportion of adhering cotton 
is found on the English imported seed, it can be manipu¬ 
lated with greater facility than the American product. 

In the specified rules of the New York Produce Exchange, 
with regard to cotton-seed oil, it is stipulated (rule 9) that 
crude cotton-seed oil, to pass as prime, must be made from 
decorticated seed, and must be sweet in flavor and odor, and 
free from water and settlings. Obviously, the oil designated 
as prime, the output of the small plantation oil-mills, would 
be repudiated as such by the clearly defined rule. 

In various parts of the South, small oil-mill plants are 
located and operated in conjunction with the regular me- 



36 


COTTON-SEED OIL MANUFACTURE. 


chanical appliances essential to. the cotton-grower on an ex¬ 
tensive scale, bnt the character of the work executed pre¬ 
cludes the possibility of reasonable returns. 

Many have long been abandoned, and are to-day rusting 
away, being permanent reminders of ambitious projects ir¬ 
recoverably wrecked. Many of these small mills range in 
capacity from five to ten tons of seed per day. 

The impracticability of saddling aii ordinary farm-hand 
with what may be justly designated skilled labor, in the 
manipulation of the raw material, is evidenced by the results, 
and while not wholly precipitating the latter, it unques¬ 
tionably hastens the inevitable. It will be readily under¬ 
stood that plants operated on a smaller scale than the fore¬ 
going will proportionally still further reduce the chances of 
efficient work. The combination of small rolls, heater, 
press, and hydraulic pump may be worked to better advan¬ 
tage on any other vegetable product of an oleaginous nat¬ 
ure, rather than cotton-seed. 

Apropos of small plants, the attention of makers of hy¬ 
draulic machinery in the United States might be profitably 
devoted to this class of mechanical work by developing an 
important industry hitherto dormant. The combination 
referred to has been regularly made in England and shipped 
to British colonial possessions for many years past. Colza, 
sesame (or her seed), castor, linseed, rapeseed, cocoanut, etc., 
are respectively treated, and the oil extracted therefrom in 
the location where the products flourish, the same apparatus 
being brought into requisition in the manipulation of each, 
when desired. Several of these valuable oil-yielding seeds 
flourish in the South, and ripen and decay as the seasons 
succeed each other. Here is a field for enterprising men in 
many Southern districts. 

But to resume the subject under consideration. While the 
cake produced by a small plant could be consumed by the 
plantation stock, or in surrounding vicinity, thereby reduo- 







COTTON-SEED OIL MANUFACTURE. 


37 


ing cost of transportation, the question arises, would the 
reduced figures obtainable for the unavoidably poor yield of 
crude oil be sufficiently lucrative to meet increased current 
obligations by reason of the cost of fuel, labor, repair of 
machinery, etc., in the manufacturing processes ? 

Is it more profitable for the cotton cultivator to dispose of 
his seed to the crusher at a reasonable price per ton, than 
to transform the crude material into the manufactured prod¬ 
ucts of oil and cake on his own premises ? 

Unless the crushing is continuously maintained on a 
sufficiently extensive scale to facilitate efficient work, the 
answer must be in the negative. To manufacture cotton¬ 
seed oil by means of the small portable combination pre¬ 
viously referred to (the capacity being one or two barrels of 
oil per day) would be to invite financial disaster. 

A cotton-seed crushing plant, having a capacity of about 
twenty tons per day—that is, twenty tons of oil and cake— 
can be operated economically and profitably when ruling 
prices for the crude and manufactured products are normal. 

EVILS ATTENDING THE USE OF THE HAIR MAT.—HARD 
CAKE.—REMEDIAL MEASURES FOR ITS PREVENTION. 

Just a word in passing with regard to the press mat sys¬ 
tem—abolish it without delay. The hair mat is an endless 
source of annoyance and expense. Where such is in use— 
and it is a matter for surprise that at this time it has not 
been abolished—a radical change in that respect should be 
effected. The extra expense involved by its use for a period 
of say six or eight months, would pay for the introduction 
of the bare corrugated plates. There is not to be found in 
the several hundred oil mills in England a single hair mat in 
use to-day. 

Iteverting to the subject of percentage of oil in cake, re¬ 
finers prefer oil for treatment which has been obtained 




3S 


COTTON-SEED OIL MANUFACTURE. 


under abridged pressure periods, and from cake in which a 
heavy percentage of oil is retained. To meet the require¬ 
ment of this case, the subject of reducing the maximum 
pressure in several of the large mills is said to have been 
seriously contemplated, but as yet no positive steps have 
been taken in that direction. 

Probably a higher market value for the oil thus obtained 
might put the suggestion into practical effect, while the 
residue or cake might be profitably reworked, and the ex¬ 
tractable oil obtained under the maximum pressure subse¬ 
quently. 

This would seem the most feasible and practical method 
as a solution of the question. Owing to the fact that oil 
made under short time pressure —the latter not maintained 
at the highest point—is much more susceptible of manipula¬ 
tion in the refining tanks, and deposits less foots, it is 
therefore less wasteful than oil made under the maximum 
pressure maintained unrelaxed for the usual stipulated 
period. 

Under light pressure very much less mucilaginous and 
vegetable matter generally is pressed out with the oil, con¬ 
sequently less treatment is necessary in the refining, and 
less waste results than in oil procured by the full-pressure 
system. The point of distinction to be drawn is embodied 
in the question, will the extra market value obtained for 
the refined product counterbalance the loss entailed by the 
presence of a heavy percentage of oil in the cake ? 

From time to time complaints reach the American crusher 
concerning the hardness of the cake exported to England. 
It has been asserted by an English agriculturist recently 
that the sidewalks might be advantageously flagged with 
some varieties of American cotton and linseed cake ! 

The foreign stock-feeder needs a soft material, rich in oil, 
and for which a price is offered far removed from the manu¬ 
facturer here. The extreme hardness of the cake is attrib- 





COTTON-SEED OIL MANUFACTURE. 


3<d 


utable in numerous instances—though uot in all—to the 
presence of abnormal proportions of moisture, and the rem¬ 
edy consists in better cooking and prolonged evaporation. 
If the English consumer could be induced to purchase the 
material in ground or pulverized form, the difficulty would 
be obviated, however hard the original cakes might be ; and 
with regard to the proportion of oil contained in the cake, 
according to a distinguished agricultural chemist, the cot¬ 
ton-cake meal, which contains a percentage of oil equal to 
about seven, is the most inviting to the palate of stock, and 
by far the most nutritive. 

The method usually pursued in England in feeding the 
oil-cake to stock consists in breaking the cake into small 
fragments, preferably to being served in ground form, 
owing to the liability of the latter to be carried away by the 

wind. 

As the American farmer is gradually realizing the value 
of cotton-seed meal as a stock-feeding material, the quantity 
ground for home consumption is annually increasing. In 
the not very distant past, the English agriculturist alone 
fully appreciated the advantages accruing from the use of 
cotton-seed meal. These conditions bidding fair to become 
still more important factors in the seed-crushing business 
than have characterized its past history, it behooves the 
manufacturer to be suitably equipped with regard to cake¬ 
grinding machines, and to operate those which experience 
has shown to be the most serviceable and reliable in quality 
of work performed. 





VI 


THOMAS GOULARD & CO., 

OFFICIALLY LICENSED 

INSPECTORS, WEIGHERS, COOPERS 

Cottonseed Oil aim Products. 

NEW YORK, CHICAGO, 

KANSAS CITY. 


Pork Packers’ Hand-Book ii Directory. 

THE NATIONAL PROVISIONER PUBLISHING CO., 

ROBERT GANZ A. CO., Proprietors, 

2S4-2S6 Pearl Street, 11 Rialto Building, 

NEW YORK. CHICAGO. 



Cottonseed Oil mill jnecliiQery. 

We are making the very best quality 
of Oil Mill Machinery and can furnish 
Mills of various sizes ranging from 
five tons to one hundred tons per day 
of twenty-four hours, made in the 
best manner and will produce the 
best results. 

We furnish steel cylinders that 
have never burst, and steel plates, 
and all our work is warranted to be 
of the best possible character. 

HYDRAULIC PUMPS AND PRESSES. 

We make and can furnish the best 
quality of Hydraulic Pumps and 
Presses of various sizes and capaci¬ 
ties for cotton, wool, waste, cloth, 
etc., and for all kinds of Mills. 

We would be glad to furnish esti¬ 
mates for anything needed in our line, 

THE CARDWELL MACHINE CO., 

RICHMOND, VA. 
















LATEST METHODS 


FOR 

REFINING OF COTTONSEED OIL. 

The crude oil is a thickly fluid, dirty yellow to red¬ 
dish oil of greatly varying quality, according to the good 
or bad nature of the seed, and nature of season, length 
of time stored, during which it, the seed, may have become 
damp and begun to decay or handled in mill with different 
degrees of care. The lower grades of crude oil contain a 
higher percentage of free fatty acids, and therefore 
present a greater loss in refining while also yielding a 
lower quality of refined oil. On standing for some time 
a shiny deposit separates from the crude oil. 

Owing to the coloring matter and other impurities • 
contained in it, the crude oil is not well adapted for soap 
making, but requires refining. 

The process of refining consists in warming the oil in 
large tanks, and adding under constant agitation, through 
a perforated pipe above the tank about 2 per cent, of 30° 
lye. The quantity, nature and strength of lye used— 
whether soda or potash, entirely caustic or partly carbon¬ 
ated—depends on the quantity of the oil and the judgment 
or preference of the refiner. The fatty acids and the lye 
combine rapidly to form a crude, black, and dirty soap, 
while the particles will settle and leave the oil above 
sweet and light in color. If then found necessary, more 
lye may be added to purify the oil still further. 


42 


REFINING OF COTTONSEED OIL. 


Whert the oil is sufficiently refined, it is either 
allowed to rest at once or first boiled up with about 1 per 
cent, of salt previously dissolved in hot water to assist 
clarification ; the impurities which settle to the bottom 
consist of partly formed soap, coloring matter, mucilaginous 
slime, and water or waste lye. The clear, pale, colored 
oil is drawn off and washed out with water, and consti¬ 
tutes the grade known in commerce as “ summer yellow,” 
the sediment is placed on the market as soap “ stock ” or 
“ foots.” 

*«* 

The oil when refined as described consists of palmati^n 
and olein, the former largely separating out at a low 
temperature. When the oil is chilled a more liquid 
portion (mostly olein) may be separated from it, which 
is very suitable for a salad oil and known as “winter 
yellow;' 1 the more salad portion (mostly palmatin) is 
placed on the market as “cotton stearine.” By the 
latter name there is also sold another product, namely, the 
solid fatty acids from factories making glycerine from 
cottonseed oil. Unless this is borne in mind the term is 
apt to confuse. 

COTTON OIL FOR SOAP MAKING. 

Cotton oil, and especially the refined article, saponi¬ 
fies with difficulty and only gradually by long continued 
boiling ; but the process may be hastened by the addition 
of other fats or of some soap scraps. The resulting soap 
is of a white color while fresh, and rather soft, so that the 
oil is generally used together with fats that form a more 
solid soap. In order to make a firm bar soap from cotton 
oil alone, it is therefore necessary to finish it so that the 
soap should contain but little water. When the soap 
grows older it turns yellow, acquires a somewhat disagree- 



REFINING OF COTTONSEED OIL. 


43 


able odor, and, worst of all, certain varieties become 

covered with vellow blotches. This latter substance 

*/ 

(hydro carbon) in the oil, which is not removed by the 
process of refining, but remains, and finds its way into 
the soap and, under favorable circumstances, is brought 
to the surface by the “ sweating ” of the soap ; curiously 
enough these spots do not appear in the boiled down 
soap of cotton oil nor in “ cold made ” soap containing 
silicate of soda, but on the other hand they are very 
pronounced in white “ settled ” soap soon after the same 
has been made. In rosin soap they are less noticeable. 

The commercial refined oil may be bleached if re¬ 
quired by the use of Fuller’s earth or by potassium 
bichromate*and hydrochloric acid. 

In some of the soap works which are operated in 
conjunction with cotton oil mills as many as twelve 
grades of laundry soap are made, three or four different 
grades of castile soaps and several grades of toilet soap. 




VII 



ALL SIZES AND TYPES. 


For the Filtration of 


COTTON SEED OIL, SUGAR, GLUCOSE, DISTILLERY SLOPS, Etc., 


Write for Catalogue. 


Correspondence Solicited. 



THE NILES TOOL WORKS CO., 

Main Office and Works: HAMILTON, OHIO. 

BRANCHES: 


New York, Boston, 
Pittsburgh, 


Philadelphia, 

Chicago. 








TABER ROTARY PUMPS. 


SPECIALLY ADAPTED TO PUMPING 


OILS, FATS, 
BRINE, GLUF, 
SOAP, Etc. 


Put in on Positive Guar¬ 


antee and long trial 


before paying. 


Taber Pump Co., 


PUMPS 

Hot, Cold, Thick, Thin, 

FLUIDS. 

Buffalo, N. Y. 



Write for Catalogue and Price I,ist. 












CAKE ANALYSIS. 


Cake analysis, concerning which we have already 
accorded consideration, is a very essential matter in oil 
milling. From a stock-feeding or fertilizing standpoint, 
excessive oil in the cake or meal is not a desirable 
feature, apart from the loss the manufacturer sustains 
thereby. 

Since oil has been selling at extremely low prices, not 
a few of the leading manufacturers have designedly 
increased the oil percentage in their cake with the object 
of rendering the latter more soft and correspondingly 
more marketable and at a better price. But this is an 
exceptional year, and a course similar to the one 
referred to would prove under ordinary circumstances 
decidedly unprofitable. 

By adhering to the instructions herewith given, con¬ 
cerning the following analytical formula, the true condi¬ 
tions of press room work will be revealed. 

In a mill of large capacity it is customary to select a 
cake from each set of presses, for each watch for analysis. 
A cake may be selected from each press, or more than 
one from each, if desired. The apparatus needful is 
simple and inexpensive, comprising glass tubes and porce¬ 
lain dishes sufficient for each test of meal made; a pestle 
and mortar, fine screen and balance complete the outfit, 
the solvent used being bisulphide of carbon. A small 
wooden stand will be needed to hold the tubes in a vertical 
position, with perforations in lower cross-piece, to permit 
the pointed ends to be inserted therein so that the solvent 



46 


CAKE ANALYSIS. 


and oil may drop unobstructed ly into the small receptacle 
beneath. 

TESTING PROCESS. 

Take the cake to be tested and saw through diagon¬ 
ally, the fine meal and fragments falling on a previously 
spread out paper. Avoid passing the saw through the 
edges of an imperfectly trimmed cake; this is accom¬ 
plished by breaking off one or two inches from each end. 
Raise the meal dust and cake fragments and pass 
through a fine screen. The fragments may be reduced 
by the pestle and mortar to a mealy consistency, the finer 
portion being secured as before. Lumpy matter, or 
fragments, however small, must not be permitted in the 
meal to be tested, and as an additionally precautionary 
measure the pestle and mortar are again brought into 
requisition, and the meal pulverized into an impalpable 
powder. Five grains of the meal are now carefully 
weighed by the balance, the weighing being conducted 
with delicacy and exactness, so that results will be 
accurate. 

The tube, or tubes, are in readiness, each having a 
smill piece of cotton pressed firmly to the bottom. By 
means of a small tin, or glass funnel, which is inserted 
into the upper part of the tube to be charged, the 
weighed meal is now introduced, over which another 
small piece of cotton is pressed down, the whole being 
subjected to a moderate strain to secure compactness. 
When removing the meal from the balance dish to the 
tube, carefully displace from same adhering particles or 
dusty matter which remain on sides and bottom, when 
the dish has been inverted. This may be done with the 
cotton which is intended to press over the meal, the 




CAKE ANALYSIS. 


47 


funnel being carefully cleaned down with same and the 
whole pressed into position. A small wire rod and 
wooden pin, the latter made of a suitable diameter to 
enter the tube, will be found useful adjuncts in this 
connection. 

The small porcelain dish is now placed immediately 
under the charged tube and the solvent poured in. The 
same funnel which introduced the meal will answer this 
purpose, when the top is closed with a small piece of 
cotton. The bisulphide of carbon will be observed 
passing through the compressed meal, and a few minutes 
later falling into the dish beneath together with the oil. 
The bisulphide of carbon is added in the following 
manner. To place this phase of the testing operation 
before the prospective analyst in the most simple manner, 
it will be necessary to give dimensions of the glass tubes, 
which for other reasons it is also essential to explain. 

The tube should be about 15 inches long and half an 
inch wide and blown to a point at one end. Bisulphide 
of carbon, sufficient to occupy 6 inches of the tube space 
will suffice for the first charge, when at the expiration of 
two or three hours about 2 inches more are poured in, and 
in an hour or so afterward the final addition is made, 
about 1 inch. A good plan is to have this accomplished 
late in the day, allowing the solvent and oil to remain 
over night, when the former will have been almost com- 
pletely evaporated. However, this is not essential, as 
when the last charge of solvent has percolated through 
the meal, the small dishes may be placed over a heater 
or stove, when the solvent, or moisture, that may be 
present is removed with facility, leaving the pure cotton 
oil in readiness for weighing. 

Under any circumstances it is necessary to place the 





4S 


CAKE ANALYSIS. 


dishes with their contents on the heater or stove, so that 
possible traces of solvent or moisture may be assuredly 
eliminated. The dish and oil are now weighed and 
result jotted down, when the oil is carefully wiped out, 
the weight of the empty dish ascertained, which deducted 
from the original figures, or gross weight, gives the exact 
percentage of oil left unextracted by hydraulic pressure. 
A good plan is to have the weight of the empty dish 
beforehand, a distinguishing mark, or number, still 
further simplifying matters. Of the 5,000 grammes of 
meal, we will say for illustration, 430 grammes of oil is 
obtained, or equal to 8.6 per cent, of the weight of meal, 
which is the exact percentage of oil left in the cake. 

The wooden stand, or stands, may be made of suffi¬ 
cient capacity to hold 6, 12 or 20 tubes, or as many as 
will be required for a regular testing operation, according 
to mill capacity. A record book should be kept showing 
results, which may be referred to for purposes of com¬ 
parison at any time. The method is simple and accurate 
for practical factory purposes. In this connection ether 
is generally supposed to be a more powerful and effective 
solvent, but by following the particulars here laid down 
a much more simple and practicable factory method will 
be secured, while being uniformly reliable. Bisulphide 
of carbon may be purchased at 9 or 10 cents per pound, 
while ether is many times this price. A pound of bisul¬ 
phide will suffice for 12 or 14 tests. 

One point should be always borne in mind, bisulphide 
of carbon is extremely imflammable, its vapors even 
when confined is explosive. No light or fire should be 
brought into its vicinity. With care in this respect, 
however, it is easy and safe to handle, and it is not 
dangerous to inhale a reasonable amount of the vapor, in 



CAKE ANALYSIS. 


49 


spite of its offensive odor—to which, by the way, one 
soon becomes accustomed. 

Writer lias nsed this system regularly for twelve 
years in preference to all others, and with uniform 
satisfaction. 

As the process we give is sufficiently accurate for 
factory purposes, we have no hesitation in recommending 
it, but as a further guard against the possibility of mis¬ 
take, whether in the actual process or owing to the 
liability of scales getting out of order, it is well to have 
a regular laboratory test made about every three months 
by a practical chemist. 

The “National Provisioner” Analytical Laboratory, 
284-286 Pearl Street, New York, makes a specialty of 
this kind of work, and is prepared to make analyses of 
oils, cake, meal and soap stock. (See advertisement on 
another page.) 

THE APPARATUS REQUIRED. 

For the testing of cake a certain amount of apparatus 
is necessary, but it is not of an expensive nature. In 
fact the method is so simple that only a small outfit is 
required. On the following page will be found a 
complete list of the materials and apparatus, accompanied 
by the prices for which same may be obtained. If 
several samples are to be tested at one time, additional 
percolating tubes, stand and clamps, funnels and beakers 
should be ordered. 



Ox *4-* 


50 


CAKE ANALYSIS 


APPARATUS FOR COTTONSEED OIL CAKE ANALYSIS AND 

COST OF SAME. 

1 glass percolating tube, 15 in. x ^ in. bore. . . .$0.35 

1 stand and clamp to hold 6ame.90 

0 wide beakers, each tared, No. 0. 1.25 

1 Wedgewood mortar and pestle, No. 0.55 

1 brass gauge sieve, 6 in., No. 80.55 

1 balance. 4.75 

1 set metric weights. 1.75 

8 oz. absorbent cotton. .30 

oz. funnel.15 

lbs. bisulphide of carbon and can. 1.00 


$11.55 














ADDENDA. 


Since the foregoing matter was first published we 
have heard from a number of mill men who have expe¬ 
rienced considerable difficulty in maintaining the recording 
thermometer on a uniformly working basis and that they 
have abandoned it for that reason. This is regrettable, but 
in the absence of adequate mechanical help in many 
mills, is presumably unavoidable, scientific instruments 
demanding more or less scientific management to render 
success assured. The delicate mechanism of the gauge 
with unskillful setting up or management is prone to get 
out of order—all such instruments are—and rather than 
give the apparatus the attention its importance deserves, 
it was forthwith cast aside. The system is satisfactorily 
working to-day, and it would well pay the cotton seed 
crushers to give consideration to these details which are 
conspicuous and profitably operated in other lines. 

The steam pressure recording gauge is, however, some¬ 
thing which should not be absent where a steam plant is 
in operation under any consideration whatsoever. It 
requires no special care and rarely gets out of order, and 
is, in brief, an invaluable aid in economical mill running. 

In connection with cotton seed interest of to-day, a 
noticeable feature consists in the tendency to take advan¬ 
tage of the diversified industrial interests which its 
products permit of. Several of the most up-to-date oil 
mills with co-operative interests consist of refinery, lard 
plant and soap factory, in addition to the mill proper. 
The refineries are of various capacities in conformity with 
that of the mill with which each is connected, all grades 



52 


ADDENDA. 


of refined oil in some instances being produced, inclusive 
of salad and miners’ grades. 

Another feature of lasting importance to. the trade, 
and which the “ National Provisioner”—the recognized 
organ of same—has uniformly advocated, in season and 
out, consists in the salad oil thus made being marketed 
for just what it is, refined cotton oil, purely and simply. 
It is time the fallacious idea should be exploded that 
a superior product such as refined and edible cotton oil 
should depend for the extent of its distribution and 
general consumption upon the precarious and deceptive 
method of being marketed under the name of olive oil. 
No effort should be made to conceal the real nature of 
the article; it is unnecessary, as upon its individual 
merits and the degree of push which the refiners them¬ 
selves display, unlimited possibilities await this phase 
of the business. The prejudices against cotton oil for 
such purposes was so strong that several years ago when 
the business was first inaugurated it was found absolutely 
impossible to market the article under its rightful name. 
This prejudice has been very largely removed not only 
in the United States but throughout Europe, where 
immense quantities are annually consumed. The principal 
restaurants in Vienna, Paris and London have replaced 
the old Lucca olive oil with this new salad cotton oil. 

Among the most recent firms who have thus displayed 
commendable enterprise in undertaking the various 
projects referred to, and it may be added on a most exten¬ 
sive scale, may be mentioned the Georgia Mills and 
Elevator Co., of Macon, Ga. The capacity of the refinery 
is 300 barrels per day and that of the soap factory from 
50,000 to 75,000 pounds per day. 

A ton of upland cotton seed has been estimated will 







ADDENDA. 


53 


yield theoretically, according to Prof. Warrand, of 
Savannah, 25 pounds No. 1 lint worth 2-J cents per 
pound ; 200 pounds No. 2 lint, recoverable by polishing 
the seed, worth 1J cents per pound ; 20 per cent, of 
starch and cellulose, worth by approximating their value 
to corn or rye, about 1-J- cents per pound on 400 pounds; 
20 per cent, of portein matter. 400 lbs., at 2 cents; 
50 gallons of oil worth (loose) 20 cents. The average 
yield per ton of seed is 25 pounds No. 1 lint at 2J cents 
per pound ; 35 gallons oil (loose), at 20 cents ; 750 pounds 
cake at 15 cents, and 1,050 pounds hulls worth $2.00 
per ton. This would show that by the present system 
a little more than one-half of the theoretical value of the 
seed is recovered. 

It is safe to assume, however, that the average seed 
produced in the United States yields under the present 
mode of treatment about 2 gallons of oil to 100 pounds of 
seed. 

Mr. D. A. Tomkins, of the D. A. Tomkins Company, 
Charlotte, N. C., compares the work of an old or badly 
constructed mill with that of a modern and well designed 
mill as follows, the year selected being what was 
considered an unremunerative one. 

Estimate of results in an old or badly constructed 
mill from one ton of seed, mill capacity being about 
5,000 tons per season: -• 


Oil. 35 gallons. 

Meal.675 pounds. 

Hulls.950 “ 

Lint. 15 


Estimate of a well designed mill of a similar capacity 
from one ton of seed : 










54 


ADDENDA. 


Oil. 40 gallons. 

Meal.675 pounds. 

Hulls.950 “ 

Lint. 30 “ 


The difference in the yield of oil per ton of seed as 
here shown is striking, the loss entailed in a single 
season’s run by the proprietor of a mill of the old style 
being very heavy. 

DELIXTING COTTON SEED. 

Within the past year an important industry has sprung 
up in the exportation of delinted seed for the European 
market. The superior quality of oil which prime 
American seed will produce under suitable treatment, 
is proving a powerful incentive to its further develop¬ 
ment, and parcels arriving abroad, especially in Liverpool, 
England, where seed crushing interests are of consider¬ 
able moment in the local industries, are largely picked 
up. There are those connected with the industry who 
look with decided disfavor on this latest and hitherto 
considered impractical enterprise, now developing in this 
line. In the event of the business assuming important 
proportions it is feared the home-made oil will be placed 
at a disadvantage by being forced to compete with 
the oil made from American seed abroad, thus to a 
corresponding extent damaging the industry here. It is 
certain, however, that the requirements of this new ex¬ 
port trade with regard to the necessity of thoroughly 
denuding the seed of its adhering lint, has taught the 
home trade a highly useful lesson, which it is hoped they 
will take full advantage of. While the denuded and 
polished seed occupies very much less space than 
ordinary crude seed, while lessening if not entirely 








ADDENDA. 


55 


removing the risk of heating under ordinary conditions, 
thus rendering its transportation and storage much more 
economical, the prime factors in fostering the export 
trade, it has been incidentally demonstrated to the mills 
that a precisely similar policy pursued in milling 
operations will redound much to their protit, for the 
reason that a substantial increase in linters will be the 
direct result. The new' delinting machines therefore 
which are now^ in operation in several of the principal 
seed distributing centers in the South, should he in 
operation in every oil mill. The operation of a machine 
of this character, which effectively removes the last 
vestage of lint from green seed, would net the oil miller 
from $3 to $1 extra per ton. It may be opportune 
to observe, it has been demonstrated, that polished seed 
will germinate much more quickly than lint covered 
seed, maturing in from one to tw T o w T eeks earlier. 

As the trade will be naturally interested in anything 
which gives assurance of increased returns in the regular 
running of the mills, w T e take pleasure in giving details 
of the machine which has rendered possible the perfect 
cleaning and polishing of cotton seed on a manufacturing 
scale. The invention is the property of the American 
Manufacturing & Export Company, organized under the 
law's of New Jersey, with a paid-in capital of $500,000. 
This is the first successful machine of the kind that has 
ever been perfected. In 1885 a mill owmer in Liverpool 
developed a process to burn the fiber from cotton seed, 
but it w r as not a success, as it partially destroyed the seed. 
A Mr. Green, of Jackson, Miss., in 1887 discovered that 
sulphuric acid would burn the fiber from the seed, and 
that a diluted bath of this acid would carbonize the fiber 
so that it could be removed by washing. This process 




56 


ADDENDA. 


was sold by the American Cotton Oil Co., and it was this 
circumstance that first called the attention of inventors 
throughout the country to the fact that some practical 
method of doing this work was in great demand. 
Sulphuric acid after many trials was abandoned, as the 
process was not only found too expensive but it 
damaged the seed both for exporting and manufacturing. 
Efforts were then made to devise some mechanical means 
of removing lint. Mr. Bugg’s machine consists of four 
upright pillars with a vertical shaft midway between, to 
which four circular plates are fastened. Upon these 
plates is an emery abrading surface and three inches 
above there are circular brushes of the same size as the 
plates, but each with a large circular aperture in the 
center. These brushes are held stationary by arms from 
the uprights while the shaft to which the plates are 
attached revolves. The shaft plates and brushes are 
encased in a cylinder of zinc sheeting, while between each 
pair of plates is a hopper to convey the seed from one 
plate to another through the apertures in the brushes. 
The seed then passes in at the top of the machine and 
through the aperture in the centre of the first stationary 
brush. By the rapid revolutions of the shaft the seed 
is rubbed between the brush and the first emery plate, 
and part of the lint is removed. It then passes outside 
the circumference of the first plate into the second 
hopper and through the aperture in the second brush 
to the second plate, where the same process is gone 
through with, and so on through the series of four plates, 
at the end of which the lint is carried off to an outhouse 
by means of a fan and the seed thrown out at the bottom 
of the machine entirely free from lint cotton and in a 
highly polished state. 




ADDENDA. 


57 


As we have already stated, while the introduction of a 
delinting machine of the character described is looked 
upon by progressive mill men as a decided advance step 
in enhancing the value of the business, exportation of the 
seed thus delinted is looked upon with disfavor for other 
reasons than those mentioned. It is predicted that an 
increasing volume of exports will have the effect of 
advancing seed values, a circumstance which it is need¬ 
less to say would have effect of giving the home seed 
crushing interests a pronounced set back. 

A delinting machine invented by J. H. McCormick, 
and tested in New Orleans, gave the following results as 
compared with the old system: 

By the old method 2,000 pounds gave 800 pounds 
of cake, 288 pounds of oil, 32 pounds of lint and a loss of 
890 pounds; by the new method 2,000 pounds gave 
1,350 pounds of cake, 360 pounds of oil, 200 pounds of 
lint and with a loss of only 90 pounds. 




VIII 


The National Provisioner 

THE ORGAN OF THE 

PROVISION AND MEAT INDUSTRIES 
OF THE UNITED STATES, 

IS READ AND SUBSCRIBED FOR BY EVERY IN¬ 
TELLIGENT AND PROGRESSIVE 

Pork and Beef Packer, 

Wholesale Butcher and Slaughterer, 

Lard Renderer and Refiner, 

Provision Dealer, 

Tallow Renderer and Dealer, 

Provision Broker and Commission Merchant, 
Oleo Oil, Oleomargarine & Stearine Manufacturer, 
Sausage Manufacturer, 

Fertilizer Manufacturer and Dealer, 

Soap and Candle Maker, 

Hide and Skin Dealer and Tanner, 

Cottonseed Oil Manufacturer, 

Retail Butcher 

IN THE CIVILIZED WORLD. 

PUBLISHED EVERY SATURDAY. 


Subscription Price in the United States and Canada, $4.00 
Subscription Price in Foreign Countries, - * ■ 5.00 

PAYABLE IN ADVANCE 


THE NATIONAL PROVISIONER PUBLISHING GO., 

NEW YORK, CHICAGO, ST. LOUIS, KANSAS CITY, BOSTON, PHILADELPHIA. 

PRINCIPAL OFFICES: 

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ADJOINING BOARD OF TRADE- 





FILTER PRESSES 

AND 

COTTON OIL MILL MACHINERY. 


Concerning the filter press in the classification of oils, 
it is desirable that something further in the way of 
descriptive matter should appear in this treatise with 
regard to the several American makes now on the 
market. A form of press worthy of especial mention 
consists of thirty perforated plates, having cloths resting 
in the corrugations of the cast iron, if desired, or caused 
to grip the cloth only. A relief-valve is attached to the 
feed-pipe, while quick-opening and closing movements, 
together with suitable drainage-pipe and floor-pan, are 
also important features of this design. Attached to each 
outlet a small cock is fitted, by means of which the flow 
is regulated. 

This design has a bottom corner-drain age and centre- 
feed, with chambered plates, and is constructed by the 
Stilw r ell-Bierce & Smith-Vaile Company, of Dayton, 
Ohio. It is admirably adapted to the requirements of 
linseed and cottonseed oil mills, and refineries of vege¬ 
table oils generally. The accessibility of the parts, and 
facility with which the cloths may he scraped or removed, 
form a very desirable feature of the machine. The size 
of the plates is 24 inches; the cubical contents of one 
chamber is 4S4 inches, thickness of -cube 1 inch, and 
working pressure per square inch limited to 150 pounds. 

A form of press especially constructed by this enter¬ 
prising firm to meet the requirements of fine work, is 
meeting with marked favor. It is also used in many 
pharmaceutical preparations for the removal of slight 



60 FILTER PRESSES AND COTTON OIL MILL MACHINERY. 


cloudy substances, causing tlie fluid to pass out in a trans¬ 
parent condition. It is a close filtration press, and 
intended for both cloth and filter paper as filtering 
mediums. There are three sizes made—18, 24 and 32 
inches respectively. The working-pressure maximum is 
150 pounds per square inch, the area of the 32-inch plate 
being 900 square inches. All parts of these machines 
are interchangeable, and can be replaced without delay. 

The Sperry Filter Press is deserving of consideration, 
inasmuch as it possesses distinguishing and valuable 
features, the result of practical experience. The plates 
used in this are planed twice on each side and will pack 
tight under the heaviest pressure. The casings are 
heavy, while large long bearings combine to make the 
press rigid. Writer has known of several instances where 
defectively constructed filter presses of English make, 
unable to carry the load of plates, sagged, causing very 
considerable difficulty and expense in bracing them. 
With the Sperry Press this is impossible of occurrence. 
As is well known, the efficiency of all filter presses depends 
entirely on the plate. The plate of this make of press is 
different from all others in the shape and conformation 
of the grooves. The radially arranged grooves lead the 
liquid directly to the outlet. They are deeply cut, 
rounded where they come in contact with the cloth and 
of such a cross section that the hug of the cloth cannot 
close the passage. They do away with the necessity for 
’ the use of perforated metal, and we have been informed 
by users that they save fifty per cent, in the wear of 
cloths, produce a dryer cake and render the action of the 
press much more rapid than the old style. D. P. Sperry 
& Co., of Batavia, Ill., are the sole owners. A patent to 
cover the device is now being secured by the company. 





FILTER PRESSES AND COTTON OIL MILL MACHINERY. Cl 


W. K. Per rin & Co., of Chicago, make an excellent 
filter press. This press consists of a series of round or 
square plates of cast iron, or other suitable metal, hung 
upon the press rods. By means of a large steel screw 
the follower is forced against them, holding them tightly 
between the follower and bed. 

The plates have concave faces each side, the rim or 
outer edge being finished to a uniform thickness, and 
wide enough to avoid all unnecessary wear on the filter 
cloths, and forming tight joints. 

Where it is desirable to make the cake more than the 
ordinary thickness, extension rings are used between the 
plates. The concave surfaces of the plates have grooves, 
in which the liquid may pass off; the drainage is increased 
by several short, straight grooves, running across the 
other ones at different distances, at the bottom of the 
plate, toward the outside channel and the outlet. A 
hole in the center of each plate affords a channel through 
which the material to be filtered is forced when press is 
charged. 

A quick return motion on the follower can be effected 
so that two or three turns of the screw releases an iron 
block between screw and follower, which will then swing 
out of line of the screw. The follower, by means of a 
crank attached to the roll shaft, is easily and quickly run 
back, allowing the chambers to be opened and the solid 
matter or residuum removed. 

This latter system is now a feature of the modern 
filter press, and is much superior to the original makes. 

The Niles Tool Works, of Hamilton, O., the well 
known engineers and builders, manufacture filter presses 
of all types with and without single or double washing 
apparatus, side or center feed. Also without any fixtuies 






62 FILTER PRESSES AND COTTON OIL MILL MACHINERY. 


such as perforated plates, center screws, cocks, etc., all 
as may be desired, They make them for any thickness 
of cake within practical limits. Also build presses with 
frames. The same general principle which distinguishes 
the modern press from the type constructed say 15 or 18 
years ago is at once apparent on an inspection of the 
INil.es make. 

Special trial presses will be furnished by each of 
these houses. The presses of the foregoing makes are 
extensively used throughout the United States in the 
refining and filtration of lard, tallow, cotton oil, china 
clay, colors, yeast, chemicals, inks, varnish, acids, white 
lead, whiting, starch, syrups, glucose, paraffine, stearine 
and vegetable oils, etc. Presses of all sizes are now 
regularly made by these leading houses. Filtering 
medium and suitable pumps are also furnished together 
with all necessary equipment, 

CONVEYOR AND OTHER MILL APPLIANCES. 

The illustration in another part of this book shows 
the principle of the Caldwell Conveyor, which is made 
by the II. W. Caldwell & Son Co., of Chicago. The 
special advantages which this conveyor possesses are: 
economy of power, noiseless operation and durability. 
It is estimated that there is nearly one and a half million 
feet of this conveyor in use in cottonseed, linseed and 
castorseed oil mills. The Company will be pleased to 
furnish further information to prospective purchasers, 

while also supplying a comprehensive and illustrated 

* 

catalogue, which explains every detail of construction 
and operation and the practicability of its appliance. 

It is worthy of note that the Caldwell Conveyor is 



FILTER PRESSES AND COTTON OIL MILL MACHINERY. 63 


used exclusively in about ninety per cent, of the cotton 
oil mills of the South, the peculiar advantages of its 
construction making it especially adapted for handling 
seed. 

With regard to seed, the Company also make a 
very excellent screen, also a bolting chest. Their 
duplex hydraulic valve which controls the pressure 
used for the extraction of the oil is ingenious, while 
proving an important economic factor in saving the 
press bagging. 

The Buckeye Iron and Brass Works, of Dayton, O., of 
which Mr. Chas. E. Pease is President, makes a specialty 
in the line of machinery, with regard to the building and 
equipment of cotton and linseed oil mills of any desired 
capacity. Special attention is called to the heating or 
cooking kettle. The company has spent time and money 
without stint in the perfection of this machine, which 
consists of three chambers, its particular design rendering 
possible the discharge of uniformly cooked material, free 
from lumps and in prime condition for the final operation of 
pressure. The hydraulic mold, as made by this company, 
possesses desirable and peculiar features, each machine 
being capable of forming 200 cakes per hour. The 
details of the machine and its general make-up combine 
to render it a most desirable acquisition to a mill having 
a capacity of four or more presses. The form of press, 
as made by the Buckeye Brass and Iron Works, is also of 
peculiar design. The use of this press produces a cake 
free from ragged and oily edges, and in not a few 
mills where it is in operation no paring or trimming is 
done. The firm will be pleased to furnish all further 
information desired. * 





64 FILTER PRESSES AND COTTON OIL MILL MACHINERY. 


Attention is called to the advertisement of the Stil- 
well-Bierce & Smith-Vaile Co., of Dayton, O., on another 
page. In addition to making a superior form of filter 
press, they manufacture all forms of machines used in 
cotton, linseed and corn oil milling. Pumping machinery 
for all purposes is also a feature of this house. 


The Cardwell Machine Co., of Richmond, Va., make a 
hydraulic press well suited to the needs of cotton oil 
milling, and prospective purchasers would do well to write 
them, not only with regard to this machine, but for other 
essentials, such as pumps, rolls, heaters, etc. 


The Taber Pump, illustration of which appears on 
another page, is deserving of the careful consideration of 
cotton oil manufacturers, inasmuch as the possibility of 
effecting a material saving in time in the handling of 
large quantities of oil is practicable. The leading 
crushers already use it. Write the Taber Pump Co., 
Buffalo, N. Y. 






IX 


A U SEFUL BO OK. 

Tie Manafacture of Linseed Oil, Paints, 
Varnishes and Printing Inks. 

CONTENTS : 

Linseed Oil Manufacture and Treatment. 

Varnish Manufacture, Superior, Medium and Cheap Grades.. 
Printing Ink Manufacture. 

Paints and Painting Materials. 

Written by JOHN BANNOiV. 

Price, $10.00 per Copy. 

Indispensable to members of the 

Paint, Oil, Varnish and Printing 

Ink Trades. 

The most comprehensive and practical work on 
the goods manufactured in these indus¬ 
tries ever published. 

Formulary and exhaustively described methods concern¬ 
ing Varnish making in all phases, including standard 
varieties, medium and cheap grades, the practi¬ 
cal knowledge of the most eminent opera¬ 
tive Varnish makers laid bare. 


The volume which is now on the press, and which has been written 
by Mr. John Bannon, who has been twenty years practically identi¬ 
fied with the business, contains an exhaustive description of the latest 
and most economical methods and appliances in oil milling. Every 
device and apparatus known up-to-date will receive detailed consid¬ 
eration accompanied by illustrations explicitly described. Boiling, 
refining and the general treatment of oil for the various intended 
purposes will be found graphically treated. Cost of the various 
machinery and entire equipment of an up to-date mill, inclusive of 
refinery, boiling plant, etc.— Paint, Oil and Drug Review. 


PUBLISHED BY 

The National Provisioner Publishing Co., 

ROBERT GANZ & CO., Proprietors, 

284-286 I*earl Street, n Rialto Building:. 

NEW YORK. CHICAGO. 






RULES 

REGULATING TRANSACTIONS IN 

COTTONSEED OIL 

AMONG MEMBERS OF THE 

New York: Produce Exchange. 


Rule 1. — At the first meeting of the Board of Mana¬ 
gers after their election, the President shall (subject to 
the approval of the Board) appoint as a Committee on 
Oils (other than Petroleum) five members of the New 
York Produce Exchange, who are known as members of 
the Oil Trade. It shall be the duty of this Committee to 
properly discharge the obligations imposed on them by 
these Rules, and also to consider and decide all disputes 
arising between members dealing in Oils (other than 
Petroleum) which may be submitted to them. A majority 
of the Committee shall constitute a quorum, and a decision 
of a majority of those present at the meeting shall be final. 
They shall keep a record of their proceedings, and a fee 
of $15.00 shall be paid to the Committee for each refer¬ 
ence case heard by them, to be paid by the party adjudged 
to be in fault, unless otherwise ordered by the Committee. 
Provided, however, that nothing herein shall prevent 
settlement of questions of difference by private arbitration, 
or as provided for in the By-Laws. 

Rule 2.—Sec. I. — Inspectors and Testers of Oils 
(other than Petroleum) must be members of the New 
.York Produce Exchange, and licensed by the Board of 
Managers, and must obligate themselves not to buy or sell 



COTTONSEED OIL RULES. 


67 


on their own account any article they are licensed to in¬ 
spect or test, such license to be granted only upon written 
application, endorsed by not less than five members of the 
Exchange, who shall be regular manufacturers of or deal¬ 
ers in Oils. All licenses shall expire annually, or at any 
such time as the Board of Managers may designate, and 
the Board may revoke such licenses any time for cause. 

Sec. II.—Weighers of Oils (other than Petroleum) 
must be licensed by the Board of Managers of the New 
York Produce Exchange, and must obligate themselves not 
to buy or sell on their own account any articles they are 
licensed to weigh, such license to be granted only upon 
written application, endorsed by not less than five mem¬ 
bers of the Exchange, who shall be regular manufacturers 
of or dealers in Oils. All licenses shall expire annually, 
or at any such time as the Board of Managers may desig¬ 
nate, and the Board may revoke such licenses at any time 
for cause. 

Pule 3. —Packages must be good iron bound barrels, 
new, or thoroughly cleaned refined petroleum barrels,, 
painted or varnished. They must be delivered in good 
shipping order, and shall not be under 45 or over 55 gal¬ 
lons each, in case of delivery. On delivery of packages 
other than as above an allowance not exceeding fifty cents 
per barrel shall be made by seller. 

Rule 4. —Tares shall be tested, if required by either 
buyer or seller, by emptying five barrels of each one 
hundred barrels, to be taken indiscriminately from the 
lot. Allowance shall be made for difference in tares in 
excess of one pound per barrel. 

Rule 5. —Deliveries of Cottonseed Oil shall be made 
by weight at the rate of seven and one-lialf (7£) pounds 
net to the gallon, and in lots of not less than one hundred 




COTTONSEED OIL RULES. 



barrels at one time, and of not less than fifty barrels at 
one place. 

Rule 6 . — Deliveries must be made in New York, at 
or south of 34th Street, or in Brooklyn at wharf store or 
wharf south of Navy Yard; or, in lots of not less than 
one hundred barrels at one place, in New York north of 
34th Street and south of 66th Street, delivered to lighter; 
or, in lots of not less than one hundred barrels at suitable 
wharf stores at Communipaw, Jersey City, Hoboken, 
Weehawken or at any railroad terminus thereat, provided 
that the seller will allow ten cents per barrel for lighter¬ 
age upon Oil so tendered in the State of New Jersey. 

Rule 7. — Cottonseed Oil must be paid for on 
delivery of-tlie goods. 

Sec. II.—All tenders of Oil shall be made between 
the hours of 9 A. M. and 4 P. M., and unless rejected 
within twenty-four hours from delivery of sampling 
order, shall constitute a good delivery. 

Sec. III.—When Oil is sampled by order of the Com¬ 
mittee, the Inspector shall draw samples from not less than 
ten per cent, of the lot in question. A fee of Two Dol¬ 
lars for each ten barrels or fraction thereof sampled shall 
be paid to the Inspector by the party adjudged in fault. 

Rule 8.— -When a seller fails to notify before three 
o’clock P. M., two days before the expiration of the 
month, of his intention to deliver, it shall be deemed a 
failure of delivery and the buyer is privileged to buy to 
cover the contract at the market price of the day follow¬ 
ing, holding the seller for any difference. 

Rule 9.—When any dispute shall arise between buyer 
and seller as to the test, and they cannot agree upon a 
suitable person to test, the Committee on Oils shall, with¬ 
out charge, appoint a person who shall be paid five dollars 




COTTONSEED OIL RULES. 


69 


for testing by the party in default, and his decision shall 
be binding on all the parties interested. 

Rule 10.—Crude Cottonseed Oil, to pass as Prime, 
must be made from decorticated seed, must be sweet in 
flavor and odor, free from water and settlings, and must 
produce Prime Summer Yellow Grade by the usual 
refining methods, with a normal loss in weight. 

Rule 11. —Crude Cottonseed Oil, to pass as Choice, 
must be made from decorticated seed, must be sweet in 
flavor and odor, free from water and settlings, and must 
produce Prime Summer Yellow Grade by the usual refin¬ 
ing methods, with a normal loss in weight, and shall test 
not exceeding one per cent, free fatty acid. 

Rule 12.—Summer Yellow Cottonseed Oil to pass 
as Prime, must be brilliant, free from water and settlings, 
sweet in flavor and odor, and of straw color, not reddish. 

Rule 13.—Winter Yellow Cottonseed Oil, to pass as 
Prime, must be brilliant, free from water and settlings, 
sw T eet in flavor and odor, of straw color, not reddish, and 
must stand limpid at a temperature of 32° F. for five 
hours. 

Rule 14.—Summer White Cottonseed Oil, to pass as 
Prime, must be straw white to white in color, brilliant, 
and sweet in flavor and odor. 

Rule 15.—Winter White Cottonseed Oil, to pass as 
Prime, must be straw T white to white in color, brilliant, 
and sweet in flavor and odor, and must stand limpid at a 
temperature of 32° F. for five hours. 

Rule 16.—All sales of Soap Stock, unless otherwise 
specified, shall be on a basis of 50 per cent, fatty acids; 
provided, however, no Soap Stock containing less than 
45 per cent, of fatty acids shall be a good delivery. 

Rule IT.—Settlement of contracts for Cottonseed 




70 


COTTONSEED OIL RULES. 


Oil shall be made on the basis of fifty gallons to the 
barrel. 

Rule 18. — Settlement of contracts for Cottonseed 
Oil shall be made at the mean between the prices bid and 
asked on the Floor of the Exchange on the day of settle¬ 
ment, it being understood, however, that a settlement 
cannot be substituted for a performance of contract 
except by mutual consent. 

Rule 19. — Either party to a contract, prior to or upon 
signing the same, shall have the right to call ail original 
margin of One Dollar per barrel, and either party may 
call for margins to meet variations in the market of one 
cent per gallon, and all margins called before 12 M. must 
be deposited before 3 P. M. When an original margin 
has been called, no additional margin can be called until 
variations of the market exceed the original margin. 

All margins on contracts shall be deposited in one of 
such Trust Companies, Banks incorporated by the State, 
or National Banks, as may have been designated for this 
purpose by the Finance Committee of the New York 
Produce Exchange. In case of failure of any Bank or 
Trust Company in which such margins have been de¬ 
posited, it shall be the loss of the party or parties to whom 
it may be found to be due, taking the average price of 
like deliveries on the day such Bank or Trust Company 
failed as a basis of settlement. 

When margins are called, originals or for variations 
in the market, certified checks must be drawn to the order 
of the Bank or Trust Company in which they are to be 
deposited. Checks must be sent to the Superintendent of 
the New York Produce Exchange, who shall deposit them 
and get a certificate of deposit, made payable on the order 
of the Superintendent of the New York Produce Ex- 



COTTONSEED OIL RULES. 


71 


change, and to the order of the buyer and seller. As soon 
as the Superintendent has received the certificate, he shall 
send it to the party making the deposit, and an abstract 
of the same to the party calling the margin. In settle¬ 
ment, the Superintendent shall ascertain the amount due 
each of the parties at interest, and shall endorse the 
amount due each on the certificate over his own signature, 
as instructed by both parties. In case the two parties do 
not agree as to the amount due on a margin receipt, either 
of them may refer the matter to the Committee on Oils 
for decision, which shall be final. On the decision of said 
Committee, the Superintendent of the Produce Exchange, 
on being informed thereof, shall promptly endorse to 
each party the amount each shall be entitled to by such 
decision. 

In case of the absence of the Superintendent, the 
President of the New York Produce Exchange or the 
Chairman of the Finance Committee shall act in his 
stead under this Pule. 

Pule 20.—Fictitious sales or false reports of sales are 
positively forbidden, and will render the parties concerned 
liable to suspension or expulsion from the Produce 
Exchange. 

Pule 21. —All transactions in Cottonseed Oil among 
members of the New York Produce Exchange shall be 
governed by the above Pules ; but nothing therein con¬ 
tained shall be construed as interfering in any way with 
the rights of members to make such special contracts or 
conditions as they may desire. 

Pule 22.—No change shall be made in these Pules 
by the Committee on Oils before submitting the same to 
a meeting of the Oil Trade, properly called, at which 
eight shall constitute a quorum. 



BUTTERINE 


AND 

MARGARINE MANUFACTURERS IN EUROPE. 


AUSTRIA. 

Wiener, Fleisclibauer Co. 


Vienna 


BELGIUM. 

Joseph F. A. Albers.100 Carnot, Antwerp 

Ct. Bal & Co.17 la Bontiqne, 

Anton Jurgens (Ep Smekens). 

C. Hoppenbrouwers.5 Joseph Lies, 

G. Lamovrie.Jardin des Arbaletriers, 

Linssen Linssens.53 Rationale, 

Emile Vaerwyck.30 Van Geert, 


u 


u 


u 


a 


u 


a 


a 


u 


B. Vanougt.75 Deurne, 

Gustav Van Wint.9 Juifs, 

Wickens, Pease & Co. (Ltd.). . 23 St. Catherine, 

Peeters et Cie.1 Rue Petite, Brussels 

Pierre Aen et fils. .Ensival-Leg-Verviers 


DENMARK. 

# 

Iv. Kundsen.Nakskov 


ENGLAND. 


Clarke & Creswell (Agents) { sTfcdon.E.C. 

^. TV/T. . i t? i. • ( Southall, near London. 

Otto Monsted. ... h actones, \ ^ ^ r . V 

’ ( Godley, near Manchester. 
















BUTTERINE AND MARGARINE MFRS. IN EUROPE. 


73 


GERMANY. 

\ an Den Bergh.Breslau 

Halpaus & Peikert. “ 

Kosdimsky Co. “ 

Steiner & Co. “ 

Gabriel Berlin.Cologne 

W. Bornlieim & Sclianzleli. “ 

Meyer Calien. “ 

Bernhardt Calmer. “ 

S. Ilollender. “ 

Benedikt Klein. “ 

Strobel & Co. “ 

Gebr. Baum.Elberfeld 

Jacob Brocker... “ 

F. A. Isserstedt. u 

W. F. W. Proll, Jr. “ 

Actien Gesellscliaft (formerly Kron, Evers & Co.), 

Flensburg 

Frankfurter Margarin Gesellscliaft, Frankfort-on-the-Main 

Anton Jurgens.Gogh 

Mohr & Co.Hamburg 

C. Beuermann.Hanover 

Meyer, Kamp & Beissner. “ 

Schwencke & Co. “ 

Benner & Held.Leipzig-Schkenditz 

Heiner, Lang & Son.Nuremburg 

Salb & Wolil. “ 

A. L. Mohr.Osthofen-on-the Bhine 

Jul. Piening. “ u u 

L. Bositzky A Witt. “ “ “ 

A. Yon Hoyer.Bostock, Mecklenburg 

Wihl Edel.Schuttorf 

P. Knarhoi.Sonderburg, Schleswig 


































74 


BUTTERINE AND MARGARINE MFRS. IN EUROPE. 


GERMANY (Continued). 

A. G. Margarin Fabrik.Sonderburg, Schleswig 

Sonderburger Dampf meierci. ... “ 

Cron & Scheffel.Wiesbaden 

Gebr. Kalm. 


HOLLAND. 

Jos. F. A. Albers.Bois Le Due 

Nederveen & Co. u 

Y. Oppenraay & Co. “ 

Van Oppenraay, Lutkie & Co. u 

F. B. J. Albers.Dordrecht 

Cohen & Yan der Laan.Haarlem 

J. Yan de Griendt & Son, Haarlem, j ^ ^London^ 6 * 

Prinsen & Yan Glabbeek. Helmond 

Middlebnrg Margarine Works.Middleburg 


Cramer & Scheers.Nymegen 

T i m merm an & C o. u 

Jacques & Co. “ 

W. Salomonski & Co. “ 

Tjessinga & Co. “ 

Joh. M. Yerschure & Zoon.Oldenzaal 

Anton Jurgens.. .Osh 

Simon Yan den Bergh.Rotterdam 

Ilagemann & Co. “ 

Yan der Hagen & Co. “ 

Knaek & Cohen. “ 

Laming & Sons. “ 

J. Yan Renswoud & Zoon. “ 


Rotterdam Margarine Factory. “ 

Joh. M. Yersclmre & Zoon... “ 

G. Yan Disseldorp..Waspik 






























BUTTERINE AND MARGARINE MFRS. IN EUROPE. 


75 


SCOTLAND. 

The Craigrniller Creamery Co., Lim’d, 

Liberton, Midlothian 

SWEDEN. 

Helsingborg’s Margarine Factory.Helsingboi 

Yenersborg Margarine Factory.Yenersboi 

NORWAY. 

The Scandinavian Dairy Co.Christiania 

Aktb. Christ. Smorfabrik. “ 

Mecur Smorfabrik. 

O. Mustad & Son. “ 

August Pellerin tils & Co. 

Drammens Smorfabriker (Lim’d).Drammen 


r iq rjq 











X 


WE PUBLISH ALSO 

DIRECTORY ^ HAND=BOOK 

OF THE 

Meat and Provision 
Trades : : : : 

AND THEIR 

Allied Industries 

For the United States 
and Canada : : : 

A Practical Handbook for Pork Packers & Lard Refiners 


COPYRIGHTED 


The National Provisioner Publishing Co. 

ROBERT GANZ & COJTPANY, Proprietors 


NEW YORK, CHICAGO, KANSAS CITY, PHILADELPHIA, 

BOSTON AND ST. LOUIS 


Main Offices: Pearl Street, cor. Beekman, New York 


Under the auspices of “The National Provisioner,” the Organ of the Provision 
and Meat Industries of the U. S., Pearl St., cor. Beekman, New York 

Price, $10.00 Per Copy. 










We are the Publishers of: 


XI 


DIRECTORY 

AND 

HAND-BOOK 

OF THE 

M EAT 

AND 

PROVISION 

INDUSTRIES 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES 

AND 

CANADA 



PUBLISHED BY 

THE NATIONAL 
PROVISIONER 
PUBLISHING CO. 

NEW YORK 
CHICAGO 


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COTTON OIL MILLS IN THE UNITED STATES. 


ALABAMA. 

Tallapoosa Oil Co. 

Jefferson County Cotton Oil Mill.. 

Alabama Cotton Oil Co. 

Eufaula Oil & Fertilizer Co. 

Columbus Fertilizer Co.. 

Alabama Cotton Oil Co. 

Jacksonville Oil Mill Co. 

Concliardee Oil Mills. 

Alabama Cotton Oil Co. 

Marion Oil Mill. 

Alabama Cotton Oil Co. 

Southern Cotton Oil Co. 

Lee Fertilizer Co. 

Campbell & Wright. 

Alabama Cotton Oil Co. 

International Cotton Oil Co. 

Walter Bros. 

Troy Fertilizer Co.. 

Tuscaloosa Cotton Seed Oil Co.... 

Tuskegee Oil Mills. 

Bullock Countv Mfg. Co. 


Alexander City 
. . . Birmingham 

.Demopolis 

.Eufaula 

.Girard 

.Huntsville 

. . - Jacksonville 

.Lincoln 

.Mobile 

.Marion 

. .. Montgomery 

u 


. Opelika 
Boanoke 
. . Selma 

u 


.Sprague 

.Troy 

. .. Tuscaloosa 
.... Tuskegee 
Union Springs 


ARKANSAS. 

Crescent Oil Mill. 

Arkansas Cotton Oil Co. 

Conway Oil Mill. 

Arkansas Yalley Cotton Oil Co. 

Arkansas Cotton Oil Co. 


... Argenta 
.. Brinkley 
... Conway 
Dardanelle 
Fort Smith 





























COTTON OIL MILLS IN THE UNITED STATES. 


T9 


ARKANSAS (Continued). 


Arkansas Cotton Oil Mill.Helena 

Arkansas Cotton Oil Co. Little Rock 

Southern Cotton Oil Co. “ “ 

Farmers’ Cotton Oil Mill.Morrilton 

Arkansas Cotton Oil Co.Pine Bluff 

Planters’ Oil Mill.Helena 

Consumers’ Cotton Oil Co.Little Rock 


FLORIDA. 


High Springs Oil Mfg. Co.High Springs 

Madison Cotton Oil Co.Madison 


GEORGIA. 

Georgia Oil Co. 

Americus Oil Co. 

Athens Oil and Fertilizer Co. 

Gate City Oil Co. 

Georgia Cotton Oil Co. 

Southern Cotton Oil Co. 

Georgia Cotton Oil Co. 

International. 

The A. P. Brantley Co. 

Georgia Cotton Oii Co. 

Mutual Cotton Oil Co. 

Rockdale Oil Co. 

Dawson Oil Co. 

Elberton Cotton Oil Co. 

Fort Gains Oil and Guano Co. 

Co-operative Mfg. Co. 

Grovania Oil and Fertilizer Co. 

Lathrop Cotton Oil Mill Co.. 

Middle Georgia Oil and Fertilizer Co 


.Albany 

. . . Americus 

.Athens 

.Atlanta 

u 

u 

. ... Augusta 

u 

. . Blackshear 
. .. Columbus 

u 

.... Conyers 
.... Dawson 
.... Elberton 
.. Fort Gains 

.Forsyth 

.. . Gro vania 
Ilawkinsville 
. Ho^ansville 
































80 


COTTON OIL MILLS IN TIIE UNITED STATES. 


GEORGIA (Continued). 

Jackson Oil Mill.. ...Jackson 

La Grange Oil Mill.La Grange 

Farmers’ Oil and Mfg. Co.Locust Grove 

Georgia Cotton Oil Co.Macon 

Georgia Mills and Elevator Co. “ 

Macon Oil and Ice Co. “ 

Georgia Farmers’ Oil and Fertilizer Co....Madison 

Milledgeville Oil Co.Milledgeville 

Monroe Guano Co.Monroe 

Robt. McBride Co.Newnan 

Hand Trading Co.Pelham 

Georgia Cotton Oil Co.Pome 

Southern Cotton Oil Co.Savannah 

Smithsonia Oil and Guano Factory.Smithsonia 

Walton Oil Co.Social Circle 

Valdosta Oil Co. Valdosta 

Excelsior Mfg. Co.Washington 

Waynesboro Oil Mill and Fertilizer Co.Waynesboro 

West Point Oil Mills.West Point 

Walker Bros.Griffin 

Arlington Oil and Fertilizer Co.Arlington 

INDIAN TERRITORY. 

Ardmore Oil and Milling Co.Ardmore 

LOUISIANA. 

Capital City Oil Mills.Baton Bouge 

Armistead’s Oil Mill.Coushatta 

Lafayette Oil Mill Co.Lafayette 

Union Oil Co.Monroe 

Planters’ Cotton Oil Co. .. . u 

Independent Cotton Oil Co.New Orleans 
































COTTON OIL MILLS IN THE UNITED STATES. 81 

LOUISIANA (Continued). 

Louisiana Cotton Oil Co.New Orleans 

Southern Cotton Oil Co. “ “ 

Standard Cottonseed Oil Co. “ “ 

St. Landry Oil Mill.Opelousas 

Giovanovich Oil Co.Natchitoches 

Union Oil Co.New Orleans 

Union Oil Co. Shreveport 

St. Martinsville Oil Mill.St. Martinsville 

Union Oil Co.Vidalia 

Freeman & Hayne.'.Campti 

Feliciana Cotton Oil Co.Bayou Sara 

Gates & Vesey.New Iberia 

Shreveport Cotton Oil Co.Shreveport 

Red River Oil Co.Alexandria 

MISSOURI. 

R. B. Brown Oil Mill.St. Louis 

MISSISSIPPI. 

Mississippi Cotton Oil Mill.Canton 

Mississippi Cotton Oil Co.Clarksdale 

Columbus Oil Mill.Columbus 

Friar’s Point Oil Mill and Mfg. Co.Friar’s Point 

Mississippi Cotton Oil Co.Grenada 

De Soto Oil Mill.Greenville 

Mississippi Cotton Oil Co. 

Planters’ Oil Mill. 

Planters’ Cotton Oil Co.Greenwood 

Mississippi Cotton Oil Co.Jackson 

Eagle Oil Co.Meridian 

Mississippi Cotton Oil Co. 

Mississippi Cotton Oil Co.Natchez 
































82 COTTON OIL MILLS IN THE UNITED STATES. 

MISSISSIPPI (Continued). 

Natchez Oil Co.Natchez 

Mississippi Cotton Oil Co.Port Gibson 

Port Gibson Oil Works. “ “ 

Hill City Oil Mill.Vicksburg 

Vicksburg Oil Mill. “ 

Refuge Oil Mill. “ 

Mississippi Cotton Oil Co.'West Point 

Mississippi Cotton Oil Co.Yazoo City 

NORTH CAROLINA. 

Swift Creek Mfg. Co.Battleboro 

Charlotte Oil and Fertilizer Co.Charlotte 

Conetoe Mfg. Co.Conetoe 

Fayetteville Cottonseed Oil Mill. Fayetteville 

Marlboro Mill Co.Gibson Station 

Goldsboro Oil Co.Goldsboro 

Laurinsburg Cottonseed Oil Mill and Mfg. Co., 

Laurinsburg 

North Carolina Oil Mill.Raleigh 

Rowland Oil and Fertilizer Co.Rowland 

Farmers’ Oil Mill, Shiloh P. O.Tarboro 

Edgecombe County Oil Co. “ 

Tar River Oil Co. “ 

North Carolina Oil Co.Wilmington 

Weldon Oil and Fertilizer Co.Weldon 

North Carolina Oil Co.Charlotte 

Elizabeth City Oil Mill.Elizabeth City 

OKLAHOMA TERRITORY. 


Norman Cotton Oil Mill 


N orman 



























COTTON OJL MILLS IN THE UNITED STATES. 


83 


SOUTH CAROLINA 

The Oil and Fertilizer Co.Abbeville 

Anderson Oil and Fertilizer Co.Anderson 

Barnwell Oil Co.Barnwell 

Belton Oil Mill.Belton 

Marlboro Mill Co.Bennettsville 

Mutual Relining Co.Charleston 

Excelsior Oil and Fertilizer Co.Anderson 

Farmers’ Oil Mill.Catbwood 

Southern Cotton Oil Co.Columbia 

Coronaco Oil Co.Coronaco 

Darlington Phosphate Co.Darlington 

Dillon Cottonseed Oil Mill.Dillon 

Easley Oil Mill Co.Easley 

Edgefield Oil Co.Edgefield 

Florence Cotton Oil Co.Florence 

South Carolina Cotton Oil Co.Greenville 

Greenwood Oil Mill.Greenwood 

Greer’s Cottonseed Oil and Fertilizer Co..Greer Depot 

The Laurens Oil and Fertilizer Co. Laurens 

Marion Cottonseed Oil Co. Marion 

Newberry Cottonseed Oil and Fertilizer Co. ..Newberry 

Orangeburg Oil Mill.Orangeburg 

Ridge Spring Oil Mill.Ridge Spring 

St. Matthews Mfg. and Warehouse Co... .St. Matthews 

Seneca Oil Mill and Fertilizer Co.Seneca 

The Produco Mills.Spartanburg 

Ninety-Six Oil Co.Ninety-Six 

Wateree Oil Mill.Wateree 

Sumpter Oil Mill.Sumpter 

South Carolina Cotton Oil Co.Columbia 

Union Oil Mill.Union 

Simpsonville Oil and Fertilizer Co.Simpsonville 


































S4 COTTON OIL MILLS IN THE UNITED STATES. 

SOUTH CAROLINA (Continued). 

Williamston Oil and Fertilizer Co.Williamston 

Winnsboro Oil and Fertilizer Co.Winnsboro 

Liberty Oil Co.Liberty 

TENNESSEE. 

Chattanooga Cotton Oil Co.Chattanooga 

Dyersburg Oil and Fertilizer Co.Dyersburg 

Tennessee Cotton Oil Co.Jackson 

Crescent Cotton Oil Co.Memphis 

De Soto Oil Co. “ 

Gayoso Oil Works. “ 

Southern Cotton Oil Co. “ 

Tennessee Cotton Oil Co. “ 

Valley City Oil Mills. 

Tennessee Cotton Oil Co.Nashville 

Trenton Oil Mill.Trenton 

Crescent Oil Mill.Covington 

TEXAS. 

Alvarado Cotton Oil Co.Alvarado 

Austin Oil and Mfg. Co.Austin 

Powel Oil Mill Co.Bastrop 

Belcher Cotton Oil Co.Belcher 

Belton Oil Mill Co.Belton 

Blooming Grove Cotton Oil Co.Blooming Grove 

Bonham Cotton Oil Co.Bonham 

Bowie Cottonseed Oil Co.Bowie 

Brenliam Compress and Oil Mfg. Co.Brcnham 

Bruceville Cotton Oil Co.Bruceville 

Brownwood Cotton Oil Co.Brown wood 

Bryan Cottonseed Oil Mill.Bryan 

Caldwell Oil Mill.Caldwell 































COTTON OIL MILLS IN THE UNITED STATES. 


85 


TEXAS (Continued). 

Calvert Oil Mill....Calvert 

Milam County Oil Mill.Cameron 

Cleburne Oil Mill.Cleburne 

Comanche Cottonseed Oil Mill Co.Comanche 

Corsicana Cotton Oil Co.Corsicana 

National Cottonseed Oil Co. “ 

Houston County Cotton Oil Co..Crockett 

Cuero Cotton Oil Co.Cuero 

Trinity Cotton Oil Co. Dallas 

Cisco Cotton Oil Co.Cisco 

Decatur Cottonseed Oil Mill.,.Decatur 

National Cotton Oil Co.Denison 

Denton Cotton Oil Mill Co. Denton 

Dublin Oil Mills.Dublin 

Farmerville Cotton Oil Co.Farmerville 

Flatonia Oil Mill Co.Flatonia 

Gainesville Cotton Oil Co.Gainesville 

National Cotton Oil Co.Galveston 

Georgetown Cotton Oil Mill.Georgetown 

Goliad Oil Mills.Goliad 

Grand View Oil Co.Grand View 

Greenville Oil Mill.Greenville 

Farmers’ and Merchants’. “ 

Farmers’ and Merchants’ Oil Co.Groesbeck 

Hallettsville Oil Mill.Hallettsville 

Lavaca Oil Co. “ 

Hempstead Oil Mill.Hempstead 

Hillsboro Cotton Oil Co.Hillsboro 

Honey Grove Cotton Oil Co.Honey Grove 

Consumers’ Cotton Oil Co.Houston 

Merchants’ and Planters’ Oil Co. “ 

National Cotton Oil Co. 






































80 COTTON OIL MILLS IN THE UNITED STATES. 

TEXAS (Continued). 

Southern Cotton Oil Co.Houston 

Italy Oil Co.Italy 

Itasca Cotton Oil Co.Itasca 

Jefferson Cotton Oil and Refining Co.Jefferson 

Kaufman Cotton Oil and Mfg. Co.Kaufman 

Kyle Oil Co.Kyle 

Ladonia Cotton Oil Co.Ladonia 

Lockhart Oil Mill and Power Co.Lockhart 

Longview Cotton Oil Mill.Longview 

Ruling Oil Mill.Luling 

McGregor Cotton Oil Co.McGregor 

McKinney Cotton Oil Mill Co.McKinney 

Marlin Oil Co.Marlin 

Busclier Bros.Moulton 

H. Schumacher.Navasota 

Lauda Cotton Oil Co.New Braunfels 

Clarksville Cotton Oil Co. Clarksville 

Palestine Cottonseed Oil Co.Palestine 

Paris Cotton Oil Co.Paris 

Rockwall Cotton Oil Co.Rockwall 

San Antonio Oil Works.San Antonio 

Western Cotton Oil, Cold Storage and Mfg. Co., 

San Antonio 

San Marcos Oil and Gin Co.San Marcos 

Baumgarten Oil Mill.Schulenberg 

Sherman Oil and Cotton Co.Sherman 

Central Texas Cotton Oil Co.Temple 

Empire Mill Co.... . “ 

Terrell Cotton Oil Mfg. and Refining Co.Terrell 

National Cotton Oil Co.Texarkana 

Yelasco Cotton Oil Co.Yelasco 

National Cotton Oil Co.Waco 



































COTTON OIL MILLS IN THE UNITED STATES. 


87 


TEXAS '(Continued). 

Consumers’ Cotton Oil Co.Waco 

Ellis County Cottonseed Oil Mill Co.Waxahachie 

Planters’ Oil Co. “ 

Planters’ Cotton Oil Co.Weatherford 

Weimar Oil Works.Weimar 

Hunt County Oil Co.Wolfe City 

Whitewright Cotton Oil and Mfg. Co.Whitewright 

Yoakum Oil Mill Co.Yoakum 

Shiner Oil Mill Co.Shiner 

Floresville Cotton Oil Co.Floresvdlle 














88 


FOREIGN COTTONSEED OIL MILLS. 


FOREIGN COTTONSEED OIL MILLS. 

ENGLAND. 

Walker A Smith (Lim’d).Hull 

Lomas, Joy & Son. “ 

Pearson & Bailey. “ 

Henry Hodge. “ 

Wright Bros. & Co. “ 

Bulmer & Field. “ 

W. & II. Johnson. “ 

Stuart & Gregson. “ 

Edward Thompson. “ 

Chambers & Fargus (Wilcohnlee). “ 

John Robinson & Co. Bristol 

Foster Brothers.Gloucester 

Coad & Brown.Bridgewater 

William Durant. Liverpool 

Robert Leuthold. “ 

Earles & King. “ 

E. & W. Pearson. u 

Phoenix Oil Mill Co. (Lim'd). “ 

J. Samuelson & Sons.'. . .. “ 

W. & W. II. Stead. 

The Liverpool & Bankhall Seed Crushing and 

Chemical Co. “ 

CHINA. 

Major Brothers.Shanghai 

jG BB-i. 42 - y J 


























XII 


CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING 

LABORATORY. 


A Chemical Laboratory is Operated in Connection with the Main Offices 

OF 

THE NATIONAL PROVISIONER 

AT 

CHICAGO and NEW YORK 

FOR THE 

Analysis, Investigation, and Examination 

OF ALL 

PACKING HOUSE PRODUCTS *H2 SUPPLIES. 


W e will investigate and analyze, as regards their adaptability 
and purity, as well as to general composition, the following 


PACKING HOUSE PRODUCTS AND REQUISITES. 


Chemicals and Supplies. 

Boracic Acid— Crystals, Powdered. 
Salicylic Acid. 

Glycerine. 

Chrome Yellow. 

Chrome Orange. 

Barytes. 

Anhydrous and Aqua Ammonia. 
Alcohol — Grain, Wood. 

Vinegar. 

Sodium Sulphite and other Sulphites. 
Alum and Aluminum Salts. 

Lime. 

Preservatives in general. 

Spices— Pepper, Coriander, etc. 
Dextrine. 

Starch— Corn, Potato, Tapioca. 
Water. 

Boiler Compounds or Purges. 
Lubricating Oils — Greases, Com¬ 
pounds in general. 

Axle Grease. 

Belt Cements. 

Belt Greases. 

Coal. 

Waste Fuel, Gases, and Smoke. 
Solders. 

Lead. 

Tin. 

Babbitt Metal. 

Anti-Friction Metals. 

Soldering Fluids. 

Sausage Makers’ Ingredients— Bo¬ 
logna Color, Bologna-Anti-Shrinkage 
Compound, Blood Color. 

Fullers Earth. 

Pearl Ash. 

Silicate of Soda. 

Sulphite of Soda. 

Depilatory. 

Sal Ammoniac. 

Paints— Roofing, Wood Work, Iron 
Work. 


Colors in general. 

Milk. 

Cream. 

Rutter. 

Wool Scourers and Cleaners. 
“Stick” Curers, or “Stick”Medicine 
Salt for Hides—Oleo Oil, Curing, Dry¬ 
salting and Pickie, Butter and Oleo¬ 
margarine, Soap-making, Casings. 
Sugar— Molasses, Syrup. 

Saltpetre— Powdered, Lump, Crystal. 
Borax— Crystal, Powdered. 

Caustic Soda. 

Soda Ash. 

Sal Soda. 

Bi-Carbonate of Soda. 

Sulphate of Soda or Glauber Salts. 


Products. 


Beef and Mutton Fats. 


Beef, Prime, Edible Tallow for 
Water, Hardness, Titre, Free Acid 
Impurities, Uses, Refining Quality. 
Non-Edible Tallow— For above tests. 


Tallow Oils j T e ?V 

Neatsfoot Oils ) ,? ree 

t General Impurities. 

Bone Tallow— For Hardness or Titre. 

Neatsfoot Stocks— For Hardness or 

Titre. 

Wool Grease— For General Impuri¬ 
ties, Free Acid. 


Oleo and Mutton Stearines. 

For Lard and Compounds—Water, 
Hardness. 

For Tanners—Free Acid, Impurities. 


Oleo Oil and Neutral Lard. 

For Color, Flavor, Odor, etc. 

For Hardness, Free Acid, Water. 





XIII 


CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY (Cont’d). 


Lard Products. 

Prime Steam —For Water, Impurities, 
Free Acid, Hardness, Color, Taste, 
Odor, Cotton Oil, Beef or other 
Tallow, Keeping Quality, Bleaching 
Quality. 

Kettle Lard. 

For above tests. 

Lard Steariue. 

For above tests. 

Lard Oil. 

For above tests ; with cold test. 

Lard Compounds. 

For Cotton Oil, Tallow, Water, Hard¬ 
ness, Keeping Quality, Climatic In¬ 
fluence, Color, Taste, Odor, etc. 

Lard Substitutes. 

For above tests. 

Hog Grease. 

Yellow and Brown — For Water, 
Hardness, Free Acid, Probable Oil, 
Yield in Pressing, Bleaching Quality. 

Pickles and Brines, Sausages. 

Beef Extracts and Beef 
Fluids. 

Pepsin, Pancretin, and other 
Ferments. 

Glues. 

Pigsfoot Glue, Bone Glue, Hide Stock 
Glue, Clear Glue, Foaming Glue, 
Strong and Weak Glues, Painted or 
Colored Glues, Paper Maker’s Glue, 
Paper Box Glue, Cabinet Glue. 


Butterines. 

Creamery, No. i Grade, No. 2 Grade, 
Butterine, Salad Oils. 

Cotton Oil. 

Crude —For Free Acid, Water, Insol¬ 
uble or Mealy Matter, Probable Loss 
in Refining, and what suitable for. 

Yellow —For Color, Flavor, Cold Test, 
etc.; Soap-making,Lard Refining and 
Cooking Compounds, Miner’s and 
Brewer’s Lamp Oil. 

White —For Color, Flavor, Cold Test, 
etc.; Soap-making, Lard Refining and 
Cooking Compounds, Miner’s and 
Brewer’s Lamp Oil. 

“Foots” or Tank Bottoms— For 
Oil, Mealy Matter, and Water. 

“Foots” or Soap Stock— For Water, 
Total Fatty Acids, Mealy Matter, 
Free Oil or Free Soda. 

Cottonseed Meal and Cake —For 
Water, Ammonia, Oil. 

Fertilizers. 

Including Steam Bone, Raw Bone, No. r 
or 9-20 Tankage, No. 2 or 7-30 Tank¬ 
age, Green or Pressed ana Undried 
Tankage, Blood, Tank Water or 
“ Stick,” Concentrated Tankage, 
Complete Fertilizers, Hoof Meal— 
For Water, Grease, Ammonia, Bone 
Phosphate, Potash, etc. 

Wool. 

For Shrinkage in Scouring, Water, 
Dirt, Grease. 


A Certificate will be given with every Analysis made. 

We hope and expect that our friends, the Packers, Slaughterers, 
Manufacturers of Oils and Fertilizers, Lard Oil Refiners, Soap-makers, 
Tallow-renderers, Sausage-makers, and others, will avail themselves of the 
facilities thus offered, which, as a rule, are accessible and available only to 
the largest establishments. 

We shall be pleased to quote figures on every test or analysis on any 
of the above articles or several of them. Will be prepared to make arrange¬ 
ments for regular weekly analysis of Oils, Fertilizers, Lard, or any other 
product. 

Will also give particulars regarding size and weight of samples desired. 
Correspondence solicited. 

The National Provisioner Analytical Laboratory, 

Official Chemists to New York Produce Exchange, 


NEW YORK: 

Pearl Street, cor. Beekman. 

Uf 


CHICAGO: 

11 Rialto Building, 

ADJOINING BOARD OF TRADE, 




















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